Filipino Voting Pattern

THE CAMPAIGN First World techniques, Third World setting The Philippines uses state-of-the-art campaign techniques, but its elections are taking place in a political culture that is pre-modern and oriented toward the family. BY LUZ RIMBAN SATURDAY, JANUARY 3RD, 2004 | Filipino politicians use the latest campaign techniques, but still look upon voters as mendicants. | | | ADVERTISING  guru Reli German tells the story of the time he was tapped to produce commercials and jingles for then candidate Ferdinand Marcos’s 1965 presidential bid.The campaign was more of a family venture with no less than Marcos’s wife Imelda herself directing the troops. She would drop by German’s office to look over campaign materials and listen to the jingles being prepared for her husband’s campaign. â€Å"It was more of Imelda that we were dealing with directly for the campaign in 1965,† German recalls. One night Imelda summoned German and his production team to the Marc os home in San Juan, where they were led to her bedroom, which had a closet full of shoeboxes.The group, a team of professional advertising people, did not know exactly what they were doing in Imelda’s boudoir, but the mystery was soon revealed. German remembers that â€Å"she took three shoeboxes and the boxes were offered to us, and they were full of money! † With that, the campaign production team was paid, and paid handsomely. German’s story does not only provide insights on the other uses Imelda made of her shoes (or, more precisely, the boxes they had come in).It also tells us that advertising professionals had been involved in Philippine election campaigns as far back as 1965, when radio was reaching its peak and television, just beginning to make a dent in Filipinos’ consciousness. Then and now, however, professionals like German are relegated to the background, hidden members of the campaign team who are traditionally composed of the candidateâ⠂¬â„¢s trusted family members. Campaign professionals, though, have actually been around longer than that.Soon after the United States introduced elections in the Philippines, the country’s former colonizer also exported to the islands U. S. -style campaigning. This included the use of the mass media to create and manipulate public images, the hiring of public relations and advertising professionals, and later, the employment of sophisticated tools like campaign research and polling. Candidates like Manuel Quezon, Ramon Magsaysay, and Ferdinand Marcos were sold to voters partly through images crafted by experts and peddled to the public through newspapers, radio, and later, television.At least in terms of elections, the Philippines is not the laggard of Asia, but perhaps the first country in the region that has mastered the use of first-world election techniques. | The first national-level Philippine elections were held in 1907. Photo shows voters reading campaign posters iss ued for that election. | | | But it isn’t easy applying first-world election know-how to a third-world political setting. Despite what appear to be advanced campaign methods, the Philippines is still basically a feudal society where the family lords over political life.And with the weakening of political parties — alongside the weakening of other institutions in society — the family has remained the country’s basic political organization. This feudal, family-oriented base is one of the factors that stunts the growth of political-campaign professionals. Four decades after Imelda Marcos successfully steered her husband to power, Philippine campaigns are still far from being well-oiled political projects run by professionals. In the Philippine setting, a political campaign machine — especially one designed for a presidential candidate — can be a complex structure with various compartmentalized sub-groupings.The professionals would be embedded s omewhere within, a silent and unknown minority who bow to tacticians and campaign operators. These tacticians and operators, in turn, are usually members and friends of a political clan. It isn’t altogether surprising that a campaign can still look like a mom-and-pop affair with the candidate’s wife as campaign manager, the husband a fundraiser, and all sorts of hangers-on filling the backroom. There is a difference in this year’s election, however. It is the first presidential election in decades in which political advertisements will be allowed.It is the first time that the power of media in general — and television in particular — may determine who wins. At no other time in the nation’s history will candidates be sold like soap and toothpaste because 40 million voters will be relying on little more than visibility and image to make their choices. More than ever before, candidates and their campaign machineries will now need to use the med ia specialists, campaign managers, and assorted professionals to make themselves known to the public, and through whatever means available.By passing the law lifting the ban on political advertisements, â€Å"Congress was in fact saying there’s another way of winning,† says political consultant Malou Tiquia. And part of the message to candidates may be that there could be more room for the pros. For some candidates, this may be a welcome development, since it may mean more effective campaigns, i. e. more votes. But it may not necessarily be good news for the public. As U. S. political scientist Dan Nimmo points out in his book,  The Political Persuaders, hiring professionals may just mean more sophisticated manipulation. Without question,† says Nimmo, â€Å"the new technology introduces not only the possibility but indeed the likelihood of systematic deception in electoral politics. † More and more, candidates will be seen in images and settings that do not really reflect who they really are and what they are going to do once elected to office. With more professional sleight of hand at work, the public may have a harder time distinguishing fact from fiction, especially when they remain unaware that experts now have more say in the show. IN THE  so-called mature democracies of the West, there are experts for every task in a campaign.In the United States, the election industry is huge, manned by a wide range of specialists including campaign managers, political consultants, public relations people, speechwriters, audio-visual experts, and fundraisers. They operate by a set of rules and design campaign strategies based on scientifically obtained data provided by another component of that growing industry: the profession of campaign research that includes not only pollsters but also psychologists and behavioral experts. | President Quezon addresses a crowd. | | | That is not the case in the Philippines. For starters, there are very f ew such professionals in the country.For example, there are only two or three reputable independent polling agencies in the Philippines. Image specialists, political consultants, and campaign managers are also hard to find. Two years ago, an organization called the Association of Political Consultants of Asia was formed, bringing together political technicians aiming to transform political consultancy and campaigning from craft to science. Still, quips one political consultant: â€Å"It’s easier to find a cardiologist who can do open heart surgery than to find a good spin master. † That is partly why families and friends remain the captains of Philippine political campaigns.Fernando Poe Jr. ’s campaign machinery, for instance, is packed with his siblings and supporters in the entertainment world. Brother Conrad Poe handles logistics, sister Elizabeth Poe is the official scheduler, while erstwhile comedian and Senator Tito Sotto is the campaign manager. Even acto rs Rez Cortes and Richard Gomez have been assigned parts to play in the campaign, as has Poe’s swarm of stuntmen-friends who dabble as spokespersons, rallyists, and even act as Poe’s security cordon. On that point, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo isn’t far behind. Her brother Diosdado ‘Buboy’ Macapagal Jr. s her campaign manager and fundraiser. First Gentleman Mike Arroyo is in the thick of her campaign, too, even if just last year, he had gotten embroiled in a scandal that portrayed him as using an alias to stash away millions of pesos of surplus campaign funds from his wife’s 1998 vice-presidential bid. Of course, a family-run campaign does not necessarily translate into an inefficient and ineffective venture. The most politically experienced clans have even elevated political campaigning to an art, and have over time mastered how to best maximize manpower, resources, and connections.Elite families are especially skilled at this, putting the charismatic and media-savvy members at the frontlines, assigning the crafty and the cunning to the management side, and mobilizing the clan and its network for other tasks in the campaign, including recruiting campaigners, poll watchers, goons, bodyguards — even hitmen, if need be. But with this election promising more pros, campaigns are bound to be slicker than ever. There is, for instance, the advertising agency Campaigns and Grey and its stable of image specialists working for presidential candidate Raul Roco.There will also be groups like Tiquia’s Publicus Ltd. , a political consultancy firm that provides campaign services to senatorial and local candidates. There is even the television production team TAPE Productions — which puts out programs like the noontime variety show â€Å"Eat Bulaga! † — acting as image makers for Fernando Poe Jr. Most of these professionals, though, remain in the background. â€Å"It’s an underground indu stry-most of these people don’t carry calling cards, don’t introduce themselves, don’t appear at press conferences, don’t advertise their services,† says a political consultant. They get hired by referral and by word of mouth. The really good ones are overloaded with clients and forced to turn down others. † For this article, they refused to be identified. â€Å"You let the spotlight fall only on your principal,† this political consultant adds. Another one says, â€Å"The pros are often relegated to the backroom, or they don’t have the stature to face the public. † â€Å"Undocumented experts,† is how yet another political consultant describes himself and his peers. The secrecy is understandable.Most of them have day jobs, either as reporters, columnists, businessmen, advertising executives, legislative staff, or civil servants. Elections and political campaigns don’t come that often and cannot be a stable sou rce of livelihood, which is why most political professionals consider themselves â€Å"political sacadas† or sharecroppers whose work is seasonal. Besides, in the professions where they officially belong, moonlighting for politicians is an ethical taboo. Journalists working as public relations practitioners or political consultants would be violating the rules on independence, impartiality, and conflict of interest.Some advertising agencies even insist that they have no history or record of involvement in political campaigns. Yet as far back as 1965, the presidential campaign was already a battle of the ad agency executives. | Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos display their affection for each other during their heyday. | | | For that particular campaign, adman Billy Esposo writes in a recent column, Marcos hired Proctor and Gamble’s creative team, which was composed of, among others, Miniong Ordonez, now of Jimenez Basic Advertising. Reli German was part of that team.On the other side of the fence, says Esposo, Diosdado Macapagal’s â€Å"image team was headed by the late Fenny Hechanova, himself a former adman from a pioneering agency called Philprom. † When Marcos ran for reelection four years later, Esposo continues, he got Greg Garcia, who eventually headed the prominent ad agency Hemisphere-Leo Burnett. Greg Garcia, now retired but still part owner of Leo Burnett, is the chief image handler of Senator Panfilo Lacson. The reticence of many professionals in admitting their political work stems from the stigma it apparently carries. Political campaigning is often viewed as an illicit undertaking.Players are perceived to ink deals and engage in dirty tricks and special operations that can go from wooing special interest groups and thinking up a candidate’s position on issues, to peddling propaganda, buying the media, and negotiating for votes with local party leaders. But much of the bad name suffered by political professionals has also been blamed on Marcos. After he declared martial law in 1972 and abolished elections, the political pros’ skills and talents were put to use only to promote his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (the only active political party at that time) or push his New Society.It was a situation that didn’t allow skilled political organizers to thrive and develop a profession called campaign management or political consultancy. Although the Development Academy of the Philippines and the Department of Interior and Local Government became training grounds where political managers could hone their skills managing political organizations, all their work was still for Marcos’s benefit. The only other option was to escape the system and cross over to activist organizations or the underground Left, such as the National Democratic Front (NDF) or the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).Today’s top party and campaign people, in fact, trace their roots to these diverse beginni ngs: Lakas’s Gabriel Claudio and Ronaldo Puno were products of the DILG, while Horacio ‘Boy’ Morales and Rigoberto Tiglao, came from the leftist movement. PERHAPS  the unsuspecting public should be thankful that the country still has a relatively tiny community of campaign management experts, resulting in often-chaotic campaigns that either reveal more than the candidate wants the public to know, or reveal so little that the voters are left annoyed.In truth, present Philippine campaigns are quite like those in the United States were more than 100 years ago. In The Political Persuaders, which was published in 1970, Nimmo writes, â€Å"A century ago, candidates relied on their wits, their friends, and a few trusted allies to mount a campaign for office. Few men specialized in selling political advice. The campaign specialists of that day were primarily party politicians. † | Joseph Estrada is mobbed by adoring crowds during his 1998 campaign. | | |Accordin g to Nimmo, the campaign management industry is a â€Å"direct descendant of the public-relations profession† that became popular in the 1920s. That was when U. S. capitalists were under attack by consumers who were reading in newspapers about unsavory business practices. Countering such criticism required a specialist who could proclaim the good side of U. S. industry. Thus was born the PR agent. â€Å"In the process,† Nimmo continues, these PR people â€Å"made increasingly adroit use of the means of mass communication; the result was the burgeoning field of mass advertising. It would not be long before public relations and mass advertising would cross over to the world of politics, especially with the rise of television, and give birth to a profession that proclaims the good side of political candidates. Nimmo recounts that election campaigns soon became a battle for public exposure. That battle, however, hasn’t been easily fought and won. Many other things compete for the voters’ attention, and candidates need people who are masters not only at constructing the candidate’s message and image, but also at sending these in the most effective way that will make full use of manpower, time, and limited resources.In short, campaigns need strategies. The U. S. -trained Tiquia, formerly a legislative staff member in the Philippine and U. S. Congresses, defines the ingredients that make for a good campaign strategy. These are listed in a book entitled Campaign Politics: defining the voting population being targeted, creating the message to be communicated, managing resources, timing, and tactics. Tactics include direct voter contact such as campaign events, rallies, and even door-to-door campaigning, and indirect tactics like media advertisements, billboards, and campaign paraphernalia.Having a professional campaign team to implement the strategy is another necessity. The team is supposed to put order into the traditionally topsy- turvy exercises called campaigns. In this country, however, third-world realities can get in the way. For instance, Tiquia says, there are times when a candidate hires a professional campaign team that may find itself clashing with family members, or with yet another professional team working for the same politician. Problems like these only slow down the campaign.Campaign Politics also advises politicians to plot their moves way in advance, get their hands on the best people before the competition beats them to it, and plan carefully how resources are to be spent. But there’s that manana habit of the Filipino-his penchant for not planning ahead and waiting till the last minute-which can wreak havoc on the campaign in many ways. As examples, Tiquia cites candidates who are buying TV spots only now, and are finding out that there are none available because an enterprising agency had purchased all that was left months ago.It is now selling these â€Å"on the secondary marketâ €  at much higher rates. There were, however, a few who bought spots early, and at rates that were far, far cheaper. Among the more visible swift-footed ones are presidential candidate Raul Roco and Panfilo Lacson, whose ads had been airing regularly since the campaign started, and senatorial candidate Mar Roxas. As if operating in such a third-world conditions weren’t enough, political professionals in the Philippines also have to deal with obsessive-compulsive candidates who try to control the campaign every step of the way.Among the cardinal rules for campaigns, says one of the political consultants interviewed for this piece, is that â€Å"a candidate cannot think and campaign at the same time; a candidate shouldn’t handle his or her own campaign. † But most candidates refuse to leave things to the experts. Despite the enormity of her duties as president and candidate, Gloria Arroyo still decides where her campaigns sorties will go, political consultants say. Even members of her campaign still cannot fathom why she chose to launch her presidential bid in the hills of Cavinti, Laguna.Observers could only guess that  feng shui  might have had something to do with it; taking the team to high ground probably bodes good luck, they said. But after Cavinti, the president went north, leaving observers still trying to discern a pattern in her campaigning — if there was really any at all. One consultant, though, says, â€Å"Look at the route she has taken, and you’ll see that it’s like she’s drawing the number eight on the map-she goes up, she goes down, forward, then backward. † Poe is said to be no different, at least as far as his political rallies are concerned. Remember that he’s a movie director, so he wants to have a say in how his rallies are produced,† says a political professional. But the king of Philippine movies is also a political neophyte, which has unfortunately resulted in P oe being kept in an artificial world where everything is stage-managed. Hence, every interview, every appearance has to be scripted. And having written lines for scripts, Poe tends to have a say in how his campaign is managed. â€Å"The best candidate surrenders himself to his handlers,† says another political consultant. And if there was one who embodied this, it was Joseph ‘Erap’ Estrada in 1998. Erap was a good follower in the sense that when you said the schedule was like this, even if it was so hot or he was already dead tired, he would still follow the schedule to the letter,† says Lito Banayo, who was on Estrada’s 1998 campaign team, and is now on Lacson’s. â€Å"That’s why he was a joy to handle. Perhaps because he was an actor, he was used to having a call time, he had to be on the set at this certain time. He (carried that) discipline in the campaign. † But another plus factor in the Estrada campaign was its near-perfec t machinery, which was due to a generous influx of funds.Ample funds and resources make a large part of a successful campaign. Reli German even says, â€Å"The three most important things (in a campaign) are money, money, and money. † The Estrada campaign in 1998 had that in huge quantities. Recalls Banayo: â€Å"There were really a lot of people who helped in that campaign by way of cash as well as material donations. † A feature of Estrada’s campaign sorties, for instance, were the motorcades and caravans where Estrada would appear beside his showbiz friends Poe and Nora Aunor, and they would then toss candies to the crowd.Banayo says they never ran out of candies because the supplies just kept coming. Banayo explains the â€Å"symbiotic relationship† of campaign elements: â€Å"Once the perception or image of a candidate improves, the survey results become stacked in his or her favor, the numbers go up, the resources will pour in accordingly. † Making the candidate more visible, his image more winnable, translates into more campaign contributors. Traditionally, political consultants say, donors such as Filipino-Chinese businesspeople who put in large sums of money into election campaign, initially give equal amounts to all candidates.The money reportedly starts getting bigger only by April, when donors have a clearer idea who among the candidates is pulling away from the pack, and likely to lead the race. But Tiquia laments how fundraising, like the other aspects, remains a hidden but very important facet of Philippine campaigns. Candidates do not, in the course of the campaign, reveal who their funders are, and methods for raising funds are not always above board. In the United States, Tiquia notes, fundraising is a profession.Professional fundraisers’ methods include organizing events or dinners, or sending out mail asking supporters to contribute to the campaign kitty. There are limits to the amounts supporters c an donate. In this country, it is the field of contributors that is limited. The money comes mostly from Filipino-Chinese businesspeople; the bigger players are the likes of Lucio Tan and Eduardo Cojuangco, whose hearts, minds, and pocket the candidates have to compete for. In exchange, candidates promise them the moon, the stars, and even a piece of the economy.And now to lure them — and the voters — candidates are tapping political professionals. The irony is that takes a lot of money as well. Nimmo notes, â€Å"The professionals are for hire, but at very high prices. Fewer and fewer politicians can afford the costs of candidacy†¦. In an age when less affluent members of society are already disillusioned with a political arrangement which they perceive are shutting them out, it will hardly produce harmony to request that they play by the rules of an electoral game they cannot afford to enter. Source: http://pcij. org/stories/first-world-techniques-third-world-s etting/ ‘Voters Harder To Fool With Empty Promises' by Kathleen A. Martin, ABS-CBNnews. com Posted at 01/17/2013 11:22 AM | Updated as of 01/17/2013 11:22 AM MANILA, Philippines – Aspiring politicians will need more than a catchy jingle and an empty promise to capture the hearts of Filipino masses, advertisers said. Yoly Ong, group chairperson at Campaigns and Grey, said that based on various focus group discussions, Filipinos are more selective when voting for candidates. They (the masses) actually say, ‘peke yan e,' because the promises are different from what the politicians actually do,† Ong told ANC's Inside Business. â€Å"In fact, I've come to the conclusion that it's harder to fool the masses today,† Ong continued. Ong is behind President Benigno Aquino III's successful campaign in 2010, and the brains behind the catchy â€Å"Pag walang corrupt, walang mahirap† slogan. â€Å"They (Filipino voters) have very different behaviors toward c andidates. For presidential candidates, they don't want the jingles. What they want to know is what the guy is going to do to improve their quality of life,† Ong said. But for the senatorial candidates, I guess it's more of remembering who to vote for because there's 12 people you need to choose,† Ong noted. Ong believes that for the national elections, the â€Å"air war† or the television and radio will be the primary venues for warring candidates. But local candidates such as congressmen and mayors will still need to battle it out â€Å"retail-elections† style, or going from house to house. Consultant Greg Garcia concurs with Ong, but stressed the role of television in political campaigns has â€Å"dramatically† changed over the years. If you're not on TV, don't even think about running for national office because the penetration of TV is just fantastic,† Garcia said. â€Å"I always advise clients that 80% of their money should go into media , and 80% of that 80% should go to television. Television is the only way to communicate to as many people as you can in the shortest amount of time,† he added. Garcia is the man behind Vice President Jejomar Binay's successful 2010 bid. Garcia said Binay's narrative of â€Å"Ganito kami sa Makati, sana ganito din sa buong bayan† was the secret behind the vice president's win. The campaign for the vice president was really right on†¦ and I think every candidate must have a narrative to win,† Garcia said. â€Å"It's not just about name recall, what's important is recalling the candidate's narrative,† he stressed. Source: http://www. abs-cbnnews. com/-depth/01/17/13/voters-harder-fool-empty-promises Philippine Elections Will Stop Being A Sham When Voters Wisen Up By: Ilda, November 9, 2012 Poor Filipinos. We can only stand back and watch in awe at how the Americans conduct their successful Presidential election.Less than a day after the US Presidential e lection, the winner could be declared without a hitch and without much contention from the losing candidate. Months of campaigning from both candidates come to an abrupt halt as soon as the winner is announced. It is back to work for everyone in the White House. The ease with which the US election sailed by so smoothly is not even because they have a computerized voting system. For many decades, US elections have always come and gone with hardly any drama. It’s just another walk in the park for people who follow a system that works.In relative terms, there’s hardly any cheating that would cause the sorts of delays that could put entire institutions in doubt. In contrast, even the Philippines’ very first computerized election in 2010 was fraught with allegations of fraudulent activities as reported by some of the members of the local and international community who participated and observed the election. As mentioned in my previous article immediately after the 2 010 election, foreign observers concluded that there was massive cheating involved in the first ever-automated Presidential election.Apart from the problems encountered with the machines, there were other elements whose presence was questionable considering they should not have been in the polling stations in the first place. Observers witnessed a chaotic scene with strong military presence and lots of instances of intimidation in and around the polling stations. One international observer who was assigned at the Pampanga and Tarlac region even specifically mentioned that intimidation was rampant in Hacienda Luisita, the hometown of President Benigno Simeon â€Å"BS† Aquino.These were observations made by outsiders who are completely unbiased. It is incomprehensible why our public officials allow these things to happen. This is why until now there are still some people who question the legitimacy of President BS Aquino’s win. The following is a summary of their observa tion all throughout the country: Serious and systematic irregularities: – Vote buying – People lining up outside the candidate’s house waiting to receive cash or goods – There was no privacy in the polling stations – People could see what the voter is writing The ballot sheet could not be folded to cover the information – There were voters who were not stamped with indelible ink – There were voters who were stamped with ink before voting – There were people taking pictures and videos of voters for intimidation purposes – Police and military presence was strong. Despite reports of massive election fraud, majority of Filipinos don’t seem inclined to do or don’t even want to know anything about them. The Commissions on Elections (Comelec) and President BS Aquino’s media cohorts were quick to declare the election a success.They wanted everyone to think that the first automated voting system delivered as expected and that Aquino’s win was a decisive one. Unfortunately, we will never know the truth. Filipinos will always be in the dark as to what truly happened because they chose to ignore boring details. Filipinos have this tendency to just listen to what the Philippine media is telling them. The Filipino people’s preference for turning a blind eye to impropriety is what’s preventing our country from moving forward. It is turning the Philippines into a nation of cheaters.The irony is that we cry foul after a bad deed is done but we ignore the deed as it transpires. It seems we don’t want the inconvenience of having to deal with the fallout of reporting a crime in progress. We don’t even have protection for whistleblowers. Instead of commending people for their bravery in coming forward, Filipinos turn against the whistleblowers, making them look like they are making mountains out of molehills. People who are seen supporting the whistleblowers are c onsidered â€Å"sore losers†. This discourages people from doing the right thing.Vigilance against crime is what will actually foster an environment of trust in our society. If we know that illegal activities are not tolerated, we can be assured that people will be honest with their day-to-day activities. Sadly, we shun people who go out on a limb to expose corruption or any form of malpractice, but what we need to do is to help promote a society in which it is possible to speak out without reprisal about corruption, dangers to the public and environment, and other vital social issues. Until we change the way we think and do things collectively as a people, we will never have a smooth election like the Americans.Here are some of the lessons I learned during the 2010 election that could help us in the 2013 Senatorial election and even the 2016 Presidential election: 1. Campaign platforms No one comes up with a credible platform during elections because voters don’t care about platforms. They cared about Noynoy’s love life and what he does in his spare time. Voters were also smitten with the â€Å"Aquino Legacy† and are convinced that Noynoy will continue whatever it is they think that Ninoy or Cory could have achieved but for whatever reason did not. The voters don’t even have a clue what a platform is.You have to wonder now how they plan to evaluate how Noynoy sticks to his campaign promises during his term of office. Lesson learned: Most Filipino voters are star-struck ignoramuses. If you want to run for the presidency in 2016, get an image makeover or try to appear â€Å"good† and â€Å"humble†. 2. Surveys and Polling firms Some Filipinos were dumb enough to think that if a candidate is popular, it means that he should be voted in as president. The fact of the matter is, candidates with a lot funds can hire polling firms and publish reports when it is favorable to them.It was also reported that polling firms c onducting the surveys in 2010 were closely linked to the presidential candidate leading the polls. Likewise, despite the number of candidates allowed to run, people were actually just choosing between two candidates. Lesson learned: Next election, call for more transparency around poll survey questionnaires; clamor for more polling firms to conduct surveys and be vigilant and critical of Media’s interpretation of the poll results. 3. Media Bias Noynoy Aquino was given more exposure by prominent media outlets like thePhilippine Daily Inquirer  during the campaign period.It didn’t matter how trivial the news was; Noynoy Aquino was always on the front page. Broadcast networks such as ABS-CBN also helped expose Noynoy to the masa through shows that flagged the â€Å"Aquino Legacy†. Lesson learned: Media outlets owned and operated by members of the Philippine oligarchy will give more exposure to whoever presidential candidate offers concessions they can benefit fro m. 4. Religious endorsements A week before Election Day, the leader of Iglesia ni Cristo announced that they will be endorsing presidential candidate Noynoy Aquino.It has been said that this religious group actually waits for the last minute before announcing their endorsement because they want to ensure that whoever they endorse actually wins — presumably with the aim of making a few deals with the president once in office. It was also said that Noynoy’s party was secretly courting that leader’s guarantee that the INC votes will be in their favor. Lesson learned: The endorsement of religious leaders depends on which candidate is popular; religious leaders can make or break a presidential aspirant; Filipinos will vote for whoever their religious leaders instruct them to vote for. . Election Day thugs and vote buying It seems that all of the above exercise with the possible exception of item number four will have no bearing on Election Day to the majority of vote rs because of the presence of thugs in the polling stations. As previously mentioned, police and military personnel who have no business being in polling stations and who are under the payroll of candidates, hang around to intimidate voters. If the Police and the military themselves are involved in this illegal behavior, to whom can the voters report the irregularity to?The illegal activity called vote buying involves the buyer and the seller. They both are accountable for their actions. In this case, both parties won’t be willing to report each other because they both benefit from the activity. Unfortunately, the voter who sells his vote will only benefit in the short term. Lesson learned: As long as irregularities like this happens on Election Day, any efforts at educating the voters will just go down the drain. 6. Automated Machines It turns out that automated machines are not foolproof.Reports abound of machines malfunctioning, machines found kept in someone’s shed , the discrepancies in time lapsed, and allegations of malicious software installed in the machine itself. Lesson learned: Filipinos cannot be trusted with both manual and automated election. Filipinos are very resourceful at finding a way to cheat. Lastly, here is the bottom-line: Filipinos are ultimately to blame for allowing fraudulent activities to happen. Politicians will keep trying to get away with cheating but it is up to us to decide if we will let them. Source: http://getrealphilippines. om/blog/2012/11/philippine-elections-will-stop-being-a-sham-when-voters-wisen-up/ 2013 Mix-And-Match Voting By  Ramon Casiple, Mon, Jan 7, 2013 The weak political party system in the Philippines can be seen in the way voters will vote in the 2013 national and local elections. A cursory study of the voting patterns in the past elections showed that voters vote for a candidate on various grounds, among them their personal relationship to the candidate, a candidate’s popularity (not necessarily in politics), endorsement by respected persons, and, of course, what the candidate stands for in relation to voters’ own.Nowhere in this list is a voter’s recognition of the candidate’s political party platform and program. The candidate, in this sense, sells himself, not the party. A tacit recognition of this can be seen in the way candidates and political parties present themselves to the voters. In streamers and billboards, the face and name of the candidate stands out compared to the party. Even in the party-list system—where the party-list groups are the ones to be elected–it has become more advantageous to present faces of their nominees in addition to the group names.The result is mix-and-match voting by individual voters. Rarely do they vote straight for a party’s candidates. Source: http://ph. news. yahoo. com/blogs/communityvoices/2013-mix-and-match-voting-130754846. html Everything I Need To Know About Improving The Ou tcome Of Philippine Elections I Learned In Kindergarten By: benign0, February 25, 2013 Campaign platforms You’d think that the call for platforms is so new this year considering how much of the mainstream has now taken up the cudgels of beating this concept into the tiny skulls of the Filipino voters.Yet only just four years ago, the idea of demanding platforms from candidates making their pitch to voters was so exotic. So exotic it was that I  wrote a piece  back in mid-2009 outlining the basic how-to’s of developing a campaign platform. As evident in what I wrote there, â€Å"If we are to expect Filipinos to courageously rally around a serious effort to become a better country in the foreseeable future, it would help to see a leader who has it clear in his or her mind how to get us from A to B. † it is obvious that the concept back then was quite new.The call for platforms rose to a crescendo as the presidential campaign leading to the 2010 elections march ed on. But as it became more apparent that the then front-running candidate, Benigno Simeon â€Å"BS† Aquino III lacked one, had no inclination of producing one, and was happy enough to run entirely on the back of his family pedigree, many folk who had by then drank enough of BS Aquino’s Yellowist Kool Aid were loudly extolling the irrelevance of revealing clear governance platforms during an election campaign.Instead, what to them was BS Aquino’s qualification to lead the country was his  perceived  honesty, integrity, and lack of a track record of corrupt practices. Funny how the most important lessons are learnt after the disaster had already wrought havoc. BS Aquino is now President of the Philippines and the very same bozos who thought platforms were not  that  important are now parroting what we had been saying back in 2009. Voter educationIn the lead up to and then in the aftermath of the 1986 EDSA people power â€Å"revolution†, the idea t hat in â€Å"freedom† lies the singular key to Philippine prosperity became deeply-ingrained in the Filipino psyche. It was all about freedom, and a blanket of demagoguery built around this simpleton’s message descended upon and enveloped the Philippine National â€Å"Debate† in the subsequent 27 years. The Vote — the â€Å"freedom† to choose one’s leaders — guaranteed that the  right  ones would be elevated to office as the prevailing thinking went.This was, the activists insisted, the â€Å"power† that the Filipino people â€Å"regained† after the 1986 â€Å"revolution†. But then as one bozo after another got elected into office since 1986, it became quite clear that the erstwhile thought leaders of the time simply gave Filipino voters too much credit. It turns out they were really not that smart after all. Freedom in the hands of the Filipino voter was like a blowtorch in the hands of a two-year-old. And so the idea of â€Å"educating† Filipino voters came about.The thing with â€Å"voter education† is that it is really not that complicated. It comes down to something most normal people learned in kindergarten — that we are ultimately all accountable to ourselves for the decisions we made in the past. In a society renowned for a collective faculty for thinking that is stunted by amnesia and voodoo logic, â€Å"voter education† should start with a re-visit of these kindergarten basics; that being accountable as a â€Å"voter† encompasses a system of three key acts of responsibility: (a) Select the right leaders; b) Use the system to hold them accountable; and, (c) Hold ourselves accountable for the quality of the leaders we choose using the system. A lot of the focus of this year’s â€Å"voter education† activist fad is on just the first one,  selecting the right leaders. The harder part of the equation — keeping politicians on their toes  in between elections  is where the  real  deal lies. Unfortunately Filipinos are simply not up to delivering their part of the deal in between fiestas. And so politicians gravitate to the same old buffoonery†¦ Grandstanding politiciansThe reason Filipino politicians are so at liberty to make big, lofty, colourful, noisy, but  hollow  promises during election campaigns is because the Filipino voter simply drops the ball once the fiesta is over. Because Filipino voters simply fail to  use the system to hold them accountable  as a matter of routine in between elections and utterly lack an ethic of  holding themselves accountable for the quality of the leaders they choose  during those fiestas, Philippine politics is a con man’s wet dream. You only need a lousy product and a million suckers to make a lot of money in business.And Philippine politics is, indeed, good business. And so we come to†¦ The role of social media in Philippine polit ics In a recently-concluded â€Å"convention† that saw one of the current crop of â€Å"thought leaders† after another pontificate about what such a  kewwwlllthing social media is, we learned that social media is unprecedented in the way it†¦ – breaks traditional commuinication barriers; – serves as a platform for unfiltered egalitarian â€Å"dialogue†; – elevates â€Å"political discourse† by; – providing a more â€Å"inclusive† discussion community; and, – prompts — and demands — quick response from its participants.Yadda, yadda, yadda. In short (cutting through all the fad jargon), social media  transmits  andamplifies  the â€Å"voice of the people† at an unprecedented scale and efficiency so that every schmoe and her dog has a crack at the proverbial bullhorn once wielded by only the most powerful and influential people. Sounds nice —  on paper. The thing with partic ipating in social media chatter is that it is really a form of high-tech Chinese whispers. The Twitter â€Å"retweet† and the Facebook â€Å"share† functions are the 21st Century facilitators of this game — and it is now a game played on a vast scale.Communication engineers will point out that the principle of signal degradation as data is transmitted, relayed, and re-amplified a number of times as transmission distance increases over a channel is the same as the way hearsay information is perverted in a typical Chinese whispers game. Human debate unfortunately remains  analog, so the advent of social media — the  digital intermediary  in the propagation of this â€Å"debate† — merely served as a more efficient way to  accurately  spread low-quality information.With every digital factoid passing through Filipino brains in between retweets, the signal progressively  degrades  into noise. We see this degradation in  signal-to-n oise  ratios everyday — when we make photocopies  of photocopies  and make photocopies of  those  photocopies, the quality of the copy worsens as the number of copies increase. Enlarge one of these nth-generation copies and you will come up with a really bad image. In the same way, amplify and transmit a bad signal over several iterations and all you get for your trouble is a louder and even noisier signal.That is essentially what social media is doing for the Philippine National â€Å"Debate†. * * * Indeed, everything essential to practicing democracy  properly  comprises stuff most well-bred people learned as little kids. Having a plan to get where one wants to go. Acquiring relevant information and applying it shrewdly. Regarding sales pitches with a critical mind. Being respectful and prudent when communicating with other people — regardless of the communication technology being used. You don’t really need a Masters Degree in political à ¢â‚¬Å"science† to really get all that.When one understands  fundamental  problems using  common sense, we tend to have a more practical regard for some of the silver-bullet â€Å"solutions† that the savviest spin-meisters around us build buzzes around. Source: http://getrealphilippines. com/blog/2013/02/everything-i-need-to-know-about-improving-the-outcome-of-philippine-elections-i-learned-in-kindergarten/ BLOG POSTS: Policy Dialogue Series 2004 Academe Meets the Political Parties It has often been said that political parties in the Philippines are based on personalities, not on platforms and ideologies.But individuals do not aggregate demands of sectoral interests. Ideally, parties become the key venues where policies and programs are shaped. In the end, it is still the parties who can be made accountable to their constituents and to the people come post-electoral politics. While it may be true that voting patterns in the Philippines have reflected preference for personalities rather than parties, the platforms of the political parties should still be subjected to public scrutiny. Source: http://twsc. upd. edu. ph/training_PDS1. html Date: March 01, 2004 Filipino Voting PatternsBy: Reynz According to some of the articles on the Internet about Filipino voting patterns, most Filipino voters choose their candidates based on the following: 1. ) Utang na loob (Debt of gratitude) 2. ) Winnability 3. ) Charisma 4. ) Media exposure 5. ) Eloquence 6. ) Pakikisama 7. ) Ka-ching! ka-ching! In other words, Filipino voters rarely vote on the basis of the following: 1. ) Capability 2. ) Leadership skills 3. ) Knowledge of the job 4. ) Moral upbringing and, 5. ) Fortitude Source: http://www. reynaelena. com/2013/02/03/filipino-voting-patterns/ Date: February 03, 2013

Private Fitness, Inc.

BBUS 425 Advanced Management Accounting| Case 1: Private Fitness, Inc. | Analysis of existing management and operation issues| Yunlong TangYen Hao ChaoInstructor: Tony BellSep 16, 2012| MEMORANDUM DATE: Sep 16, 2012 TO: Rosemary Worth, the owner of Private Fitness, Inc. FROM: Yen Hao Chao and Yunlong Tang ————————————————- RE: Analysis of existing management and operation issues It’s a pleasure that we have a chance to review your company’s existing management and operation system.We believe that there are some serious management and operation problems which need to be changed or improved immediately. In this memorandum, we will identify those issues in management and operation system, and provide recommended solutions for solving problems. Issues in management and operation system 1. The biggest issue is that the company has less control on tracking all recor ds, such as the number of clients, the length of any private fitness class, and the money transactions between customers and the company.Without this information, the company may not collect cash properly and prevent crimes from happening in the operation, such as money stealing 2. Some of the jobs from management level have not been well performed in the normal business operation, since all power and jobs have been centralized onto one person. 3. Employees might provide some private fitness classes to the client without reporting to the company. This is a very serious problem, since employment honesty is a huge benefit to the health of your business.Solution We will provide you the suggestions based on two types of control which are action control and personal control. In action control, we recommend you to install a control system for tracking classroom usage and hire another financial manager to take over any financial jobs, operation cost and profit recording from Kate. In perso nnel control, we recommend you to regulate some new policies such as no personal discount and any class appointment must be reported to the new finance manager.Classroom usage control system Classroom usage control system is a system to help you to track the length of using the classroom in order to verify how much money is collected based on the time of classroom usage. Under this system, every client or employee must apply a card to use the classroom. They need to swipe on the machine in order to get in or out of the exercise room. After they swipe the machine, the computer will automatically record this data and save it to the database.Through this control system, you will have the complete information about how many clients you have, how long they stay in the classroom, and how much money you are supposed to earn each month based on the time of classroom usage. If the collected money does not match the amount of cash received based on the length of classroom usage, the financial manager needs to be responsible and find out the reason for the missing money as well as report the incident to you immediately. Although this control system will solve the problems and generate huge profits in the long run, but it still has some disadvantages such as cost and maintenance.Additionally, you have to provide significant training for employees and customers to know how to use this system. Management system Your management system has failed to meet the goal of its function which is supposed to include monitoring and controlling the finance of your company. First, we know that your manager, Kate Hoffman, has been in charge of almost all jobs at the management level. Putting too much power in the hands of one manager may create risks to the management system.Second, since Kate has both jobs as an instructor and a manager in the company, she may not have enough time to keep track of every single transaction and all expenses accurately. As a result, we believe that hiring a professional person with finance education and management experience as a financial manager is necessary. The new manager will be in charge of record monitoring, appointment scheduling and financing, and Kate will become the marketing manager including the duty of facility up-keep and keep her position as one of the instructor in the company.Kate and the new manager will now each receive 50% of the salary which Kate used to receive, but Kate can still have the bonus as usual. All business transaction, such as money collecting and equipment purchasing, will be reported to the new manager. Although most clients have direct contact with some of your company’s employees, any appointment of taking classes must also be reported to the new manager with details on the date of the appointment and the length of the class.As well, the new manager has to directly report all information to you periodically, like once a month. Hiring a new manager will lead to a flatter business structure so that every manager has more specific functions on controlling the system and more accuracy on performance. Furthermore, viewing the report of all periodic expenses and profit from the finance manager will provide a forecast on the company’s future financial situation and become more helpful to improve the efficiency of the operation and the decision making from the management level.However, this new move may create unexpected expenses on paying salary to the new manager, and also, the new manager will need time to become familiar with his/her new co-workers and the new working environments. Policies Since many of the students have straight contact with the instructors, they may deal with the instructors under the table, such as asking for the personal discount privately. Some of the instructors may also provide private classes to students with using company’s facility in the normal business schedule without reporting.To prevent those risks, you must create related policies as follow: * No personal discount provided to customers from any of our employees unless the discount is permitted by the company * No private fitness classes are provided to the customers at any of the time unless the classes have been reported * Any violation of the two policies will receive penalty or warning depending on the situation.We believe the new policies will restrict the authority of using the facility and limit the contact with customers from the employees. The employees will behave more professionally and become more honest to the company. The chance of creating unreported transaction will be minimized, and the record of using any facility in the company will be more accurate. However, the employees may feel uncomfortable with the new policies, but they will get used to the new policies. RecommendationWe recommend that the company should set up a system for tracking the usage of classrooms, hire a new financial manager to take over partial duty of management from Kate and regulate some new policies. New system and new manager will provide significant control on tracking the process of collecting money and organizing business operation. On the other hand, in order to enhance the honesty of employees, implementing new policies inside the company is necessary and beneficial to provide a healthier working environment.

Meaning Of Auditing And Expectations Gap Accounting Essay

In any economic undertaking accounting and auditing are the critical and built-in constituents. If we can non understand the accounting we will ne'er understanding the auditing. In the yesteryear there was a spread between the hearers and the populace it called â€Å" audit outlook spread † . Expectation spread auditing has a long history and lasting. There is widespread concern the being of outlook spread between the scrutinizing profession and the populace. First of wholly, we will specify of an audit is what contributes to the outlooks spread. Then we will speak about the definition about the outlooks spread in general. The significance of outlooks spread is the difference between what is the users of fiscal statements, the general public apprehension and what is the exclusion of the audit profession in carry oning the audit. In this regard, it is necessary to cognize the distinction between the profession ‘s outlooks of an hearer and the hearer ‘s perceptual experience of the audit. Except users of fiscal statements and the general people may be cognizant checker and a really different reading, or worse still, fails to follow with the criterions set by the auditing public presentation. The hearer ‘s function embraces the sensing and bar of fraud when the users of fiscal statements and the general populace have the educated to believe, particularly in relation to material points. If users of fiscal statements and the general populace were educated to believe that the hearer ‘s function embraces the sensing and bar of fraud, particularly in relation to material points. Besides, the misrepresentation and mistake sensing function of an audit might be comparatively nonsubjective. However, absolute objectiveness can non be guaranteed. On another manus, there are many subjective constructs which require farther elucidation by Auditing Practices Board such as: materiality and material significance. When we look to the primary function of sensing and bar it is welcomed since there are at present. We can non keep the hearer responsible for negative effects of all his actions because there are no sufficient steps to cognize that. Assume that some beginnings of the contents of audit studies that the significance of an audit is fixed while other beginnings such as academic literature beginnings assume that the significance of an audit is non an objectiveconstant. In some latter hypothesis, there is the belief that the outlooks spread can be reduced significantly- if non possible to take. In this assignment, these following subdivisions will explicate as the followers: the definitions of Audit Expectations Gap, the of import constituents of Audit Expectations Gap, how the Audit Expectations Gap will alter or may non be altering in 2010, is it possible to extinguish the Expectations Gap, Expansion of hearer ‘s duties and sweetening of hearer independency and the function of scrutinizing criterions ( ASB ethical criterions ) in cut downing the Expectations Gap.Definitions of the Expectations Gap:There are many definitions of the audit outlooks spread and we set out the clear definitions. Audit outlooks spread is when external hearers ‘ apprehension and cognizing everything about their function and responsibilities is contrast against the outlooks of the general populace and user groups. Harmonizing to Liggio[ 1 ]defined the audit outlooks spread as the difference between the degrees of public presentation expected as it is interpreted by the independent comp troller and the user of fiscal statements. External hearers use these definitions as their bench grade alternatively than the audit profession. The usage of the audit profession as bench grade would assist contract the outlooks spread and show a less subjective component. In this instance it will be a prefer definition and provides a more stable constituent of the outlooks spread. The same as, the audit profession ‘s outlooks are more clear-defined than the personal hearer ‘s outlooks. Mention by Liggio â€Å" users of fiscal statements † as opposite to members of the populace in any instance still will give a subsequence to contract the outlook spread while it is really much more practical to inform users of fiscal information – through one-year general meeting, ect – than it is to assist and educate the members of the people. In 1978 Cohen Commission was regarded as both may happen a spread between what the public suppose and what hearers can anticipate to moderately could hold done. Many definitions have failed to suggest the possibility of deficient public presentation by the hearers [ As right stated by Porter[ 2 ]] . Although Porter highlights the importance of the audit outlooks gap which can be done by comparing society ‘s outlooks of hearers against the sensed public presentation of hearers, the easiest comparing can be prepared during an analysis of the more nonsubjective constituents of the outlooks spread.The of import constituents of the outlook spread:There are a figure of observers have attributed the outlooks gap to users ‘ prevalent misinterpretation, ignorance, confusion, and /or deficiency of instruction. Harmonizing to Porter[ 3 ]analyses: The sum of outlooks spread divided to three separate constituents: viz. sub-standard public presentation ( 16 % ) , lacking criterions ( 5 0 % ) and unreasonable outlooks ( 34 % ) . Figure 1: constituents of Audit Expectation Gap. Due to the fact that the when the criterions are losing can easy be revised, so the deficient criterions constituent can be considered the most nonsubjective constituent even as sub-standard public presentation and unreasonable outlooks are the more subjective constituents. While unreasonable outlooks are subjective, outlook spread will still stay really of import subdivision and can non be ignored Besides, in 1988 the Canadian Institute[ 4 ]of Chartered Accountants guarantors a survey on the populace ‘s outlooks of audit ( the MacDonald Report ) . As the followers, the committee developed some inside informations about the audit outlook spread faculty that explained all the constituents. The constituents were unreasonable outlook, lacking public presentation and lacking criterion. In drumhead, the content of the spread are: Audit confidence ( for illustration: fraud, internal control and traveling concern ) , Audit studies ( perceptual experiences of unqualified study and farther proposal for altering audit coverage ) , independency ( proviso of non direction services and auditor-management relationship ) and audit regular and liability. * 3. Audit outlook spread is defined as the difference that can happen between the users ‘ outlook sing the hearer studies and the hearer ‘s required public presentation and the perceptual experience of the existent public presentation of the instruction. There is no of import tendencies in economic system during 2010 suggest a critical alteration in outlook of users on public presentation of scrutinizing. In my sentiment, today people are more educated and have fair background in scrutinizing. Therefore, this may be able to cut down the spread between the hearers and the general populace. There are general Reasons for being of the Gap. First, there are so of positions on the function of hearers. Second, the populace dose non knows the existent work of hearers and they have troubles to understand its content and the content of nature of scrutinizing. Third, the populace are non able to understand the audit study, because that we have the audit outlook chitchat. Forth, troubles in conveying the instance on audit house.Is it Possible to Extinguish the Expectations Gap?Sikka et[ 5 ]state that the nature of the constituents of the outlooks spread makes it hard to take and cut down. Perceived modus operandi of hearers is an component which is non easy to mensurate and alterations invariably. But it possible to cut down it well but non wholly extinguish. There were a figure of suggestions, which were made as a agency of contracting the outlook spread. These suggestions contain an expanded audit study, which display the country to state and explicate users what auditor really works. For illustration ; expanded function and duty of hearers in the countries of fraud, unlawful Acts of the Apostless and beef up the independency perceived by hearers. The execution of scrutinizing instruction has been proposed as a manner of take downing the outlooks spread. Audit instruction can decidedly assist cut down the outlooks spread. On the other manus can non on its ain be adequate to work out the job of all constituents of the outlooks spread. Harmonizing to Porter, the community should be educated and know that the responsibilities that may reasonably anticipate from hearers in order for audit instruction to be effectual. Harmonizing to Pierce and Kilcommins[ 6 ]analyze the elements of user misconstruing gap consist of: responsibilities, legislative and ethical model, duty and audit studies. The first element responsibilities include of fraud and mistake and many observers have found the outlooks spread in order to be border in footings of revelation and the exposure of fraud. Second, the legislative and ethical model consists of issues like: hearer assignment, audit ordinance and hearer independency. In relation to auditor duty, Gloeck and de Jager[ 7 ]said that when there are a liability spread to the outlooks spread since the populace does non cognize to whom the hearer is responsible. Hearers ‘ sentiment study helps to cut down the spread between hearers and the general populace. And they try to direct a massage for the populace about their work.Expansion of hearer ‘s duties and sweetening of hearer independency:There are other ways suggested by Humphrey et Al.[ 8 ]to shut the outlook spread in 1993. They declared that the populace have no good outlook to lose their hope of hearers as fraud investigators through instruction or feigning that all outlook are extremely publicized audit failures or modifying the audit study length. As a replacement, they proposal three suggestions: foremost of all, start to do an independent office for the auditing to better hearer independency by supervising or commanding the assignment of hearers of large companies and form audit fees. Second, extend the duties of hearers by the jurisprudence so that they include duties to creditors and stockholders clearly. Third, explicating that the hearers have a duty to happen and detect fraud. However, the size of outlook spread and benefits of these three suggested solutions need to look it carefully before suggest or use any solution. Besides in 1993, O'Malley[ 9 ]consent to enforcing excess duties on hearers, particularly with respect to observing fraud. So, he suggested other duties ( four duties ) as the followers: 1.checker appraisal and direction of internal control systems. 2. declared committedness. 3. Assembly audit interim fiscal information. 4. Mentioned by the hearers to their organisation. He besides confirmed that these four suggestions will raise the liability ‘s menace unless the liability crisis is dealt with. Any enlargement of the duties of hearers ‘ universe non is possible every bit long as the liability system operates as a mechanism for reassigning hazard, with hearers as the premier transferees. In 1994, Knutson[ 10 ]proposed a criterion for the outlook spread. His analysis is that keeping hearers responsible for what they should hold known, is the fairest criterion and it is non to be the high criterion of what could hold known. Furthermore, the trust of the audit study should be limited to the board of stockholders and managers and besides to possible stockholders. In the same manner, in 1996, Rabinowitz[ 11 ]acknowledge that there are a small of lacks in the audit procedure which cause to decrease the profession of public assurance in the profession. There are some solutions to counterbalance for these lacks. First of wholly, it must form the controlling construction of the top directors and executives. Than lifting external and internal audit interaction. Third, the hearers must hold experience and preparation to the entities to be hearers. Forth, they must reexamining employment patterns and developing excess effectual audit actions. Finally, they have strength of audit commissions.The function of scrutinizing criterions in cut downing the Expectations Gap:In December 2004, Accounting Pored Standard ( APA )[ 12 ]issued five criterions with respect to the independency and objectiveness of external hearers and the safety of the supply of insurance services. In the past these ethical criterions holds the hereafters of ethical counsel issued. But now has added more characteristics and by and large more rigorous than predating counsel. Fore illustration: the Internal Financial Accounting Code ( IFAC ) , they base on rules instead than regulations and highlight objectiveness from the point of position of logical and knowing 3rd party. They fulfill with ethical rules issued by the Europen Commission ( EC ) . Individually from the five ESs, APB besides issued a statement of Provision Available for Small Entities ( PASE ) . The single ESs and ES-PASE are as the followers: ES1- unity, objectively and independency. ES2- fiscal, concern, employment and personal. ES3- long association with the audit battle. ES4- fees, wage and development policies, judicial proceeding, gifts and cordial reception. ES5- non audit services provided to scrutinize clients. ** ** From book -The Audit Process book – rules, pattern and instances, 4th Editor, lain Gray Stuart Manson. Decision In decision, this assignment explains and views the cogent evidence about nature relationship of an audit outlooks gap between the hearers and the general populace ( users ) . In some parts of the universe there is an audit outlooks spread. The users think that the hearers must supply their sentiment and understand the fiscal statement so that they can measure whether to put in the entity or non. Besides, there are some users who expect hearers to make some of the audit actions at the same clip as executing the attest map such as prosecuting in direction supervising, perforating into company personal businesss and separating banned Acts of the Apostless and/or fraud on the portion of direction. On the portion of users of fiscal statements, these are the high outlooks that make a spread between hearers and general public outlooks of the audit map. The shaping of audit outlook spread is differs from one individual to another. In any event, all the research workers say that there are ou tlooks chitchats between the hearers and the users because there are a batch of or over of outlooks a map of audit ‘s work and deficiency of cognition on the function and duties of the hearers made the users to anticipate a high degree. As good, literatures unwrap that when the populace knows a turn the objects and the function of audit and hearers and their duties will assist to contract the outlook chitchat.

'...the social body constrains how the physical body is perceived and Essay

'...the social body constrains how the physical body is perceived and experienced' (Shilling, The Body and Social Theory, 2 - Essay Example Traditionally, the body has remained associated with biological functions exhibited among living things. Modern times, however, have seen the development of various sociological studies; consequently creating different perceptions of bodies. In these modern times, the body has become a fundamental component of political, economic and social systems making societies (Shilling 2012). The bodies remain the functions utilised in implementing necessary changes within the social perspectives of different environments. These developments have resulted in the body being divided into different sections; the social and physical body. The physical component remains as that which can be manifested physically. It is the tangible element of a body within different perspectives. While both components co-exist in creating a solitary unit, they present significant differences when analysed properly. The physical body could be presented as that which manifests the social body, however, these elements co-exist and become difficult to separate completely. The social body could be defined as one of the numerous bodies which can be identified under the field of body studies. This body defines the sociological perspective, while exploring the sociological implications of various perspectives within social issues. Under the modern society, the body has become an element of political and cultural activity, in numerous societies. There continues to be increased interest in studying various aspects of the social body with regard to the physical body. The desire to comprehend the relationship between sociological and physical bodies continues to increase the number of studies seeking to demystify the body. While the physical body remains what can be perceived from outside, the social body reside within the physical body. The social body can only become displayed through the physical component of the same body. Realistically, the social body’s existence completely depends on availab ility of the physical body. The flexibility of the physical body continues to become associated with the presence of various social beliefs held by individuals. The social beliefs contribute significantly towards the behaviours exhibited by individuals within different settings (Turner 2012). The behaviours become compositions of identity to the society within proximity of specific bodies. They become accustomed to the physical body, though they certainly result from different perceptions of the social body. The social body is defined by the immediate environment hosting the particular body. The social body remains incapable of presenting itself to the society; hence, the manipulation of the social body occurs through the physical element of the body. The stability of the social body could potentially affect the physical body status. Through this developed relationship, the perception of the physical body component remains dependent on the social being. The effects of the society on individuals normally affect the social element, which in-turn becomes experienced through changes experienced within the physical body element (Schilder 1999). The social body part continues to become a constitutive component of the self, which becomes displayed through the physical body to the immediate environment. Social modernisation continues to incr

Global Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Economic Development - Essay Example Countries that increase their Income but do not also raise life expectancy, reduce infant mortality, and increase literacy rates are missing out of some important aspects of development. The economic development of a country is defined as the development of the economic wealth of the country. Economic development is a maintainable boost in the standards of living of the people of a country. It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen. In the long run, economic development implies that there has been creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment. Economic development is aimed at the overall well-being of the citizens of a country, as they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the development of the economy of their country. Michael P. ... ic and social choices available to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence not only in relation to other people and nation-states but also to the forces of ignorance and human misery† Economic growth, usually expressed in terms of the gross domestic product or GDP of the country, refers to a rise in national or per capita income and product. If a production of goods and services in a country rises, ultimately means an increase in the overall income and the overall consumption of goods and services in the economy (Wolf, 2005). Economic growth can be either positive or negative. Negative growth can be referred to by saying that the economy is shrinking. Negative growth is associated with economic recession and economic depression. Economic growth is a narrower concept than economic development. It is defined as the increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Experts have analyzed economic growth in various way s but the main difference lies in the fact that economic growth is generally measured with the mean of percentage. For example, GDP of a country is an example of economic growth (Parkin, 2008). The example of economic development can be social and/or financial development of the country, which is difficult to measure quantitatively. This is why economic growth is part of economic development; it helps to measure some of the whole system. Another difference between these two concepts is the type of changes. In economic growth, it takes only quantitative changes under considerations to determine the growth of an economy. For example the annual income of a country is a quantitative change and can indicate an economic growth if it has increased over time. Economic development, however, takes both

Do you think it is advantageous for both the union and management to Essay

Do you think it is advantageous for both the union and management to remain flexible during collective bargaining negotiations - Essay Example Whenever there is a collective bargaining negotiation, the employees’ representatives usually take a broad step and approach the employer or the management in an effort to negotiate a deal on behalf of the employees in which both sides (employer and employees) have a take and can come to an agreement. Some of the common employees-employer issues include wages and salaries, the general working conditions, the rules and regulations that govern their activities and practices, the benefits accrued to them among other issues (Wise geek 2010). This piece of work looks into the relationships between the workers unions and the management or employer with much emphasis being given to the flexibility and rigidity of both the union and the management during collective bargaining negotiations and the benefits and problems accrued to either the flexibility or rigidity of either party. Various organizational examples will be used to justify some of the arguments related to collective bargai ning. Rise of Collective Bargaining Howell (1992) asserts that Collective bargaining is a concept that can be traced towards the end of the nineteenth century when most workers were now aware of their rights and hence they had the urge to demand for more rights related to their positions in the work places. They were able to recognize that they were involved in the success of the organizations and therefore they had to be treated well. It is then that most skilled personnel could use their skills and knowledge as the basis of bargaining in an effort to make the employers fulfil their workplace needs. Before, people were aware of the collective bargaining negotiations, they would engage in aspects like demonstrations, strikes and sheer numbers to air their issues and problems to the management until some labour pioneers came up and established a system that facilitated collective bargaining such that the negotiations between the employees and the employers could now run smoothly in a n organized manner and better solutions would be attained. Collective bargaining acts as a means of improving the terms and conditions of trade unions and also restores the unequal bargaining position that may exist between employer and employees. It is however important to note that although the collective bargaining negotiations usually result in a conclusion they do not always lead to a collective agreement. The process of collective bargaining entails various steps for example preparation which entails composition of a negotiation team from both sides, discussion of the rules and regulations to govern the negotiations, proposal which entails bringing forth of various views and embracing aspects of brainstorming, the bargaining process and finally the settlement where the parties come to a conclusion (Industrial Relations 2007). The above chart shows clearly the general aspects that are contained in the process of collective bargaining (MetaPress 1997). Reasons and consequences o f rigidity in collective bargaining negotiations According to Franz and Feiffer (2006), there are various reasons and consequences that are associated with rigidity in the collective bargaining negotiations irrespective of the party that is rigid. The employment condition that is of focus here is the wage rigidity which seems to affect most employees as they feel that they are being oppressed

Service Marketing Take Home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Service Marketing Take Home Exam - Essay Example My educational experience has therefore been benefited by these unique characteristics as I have gained a realization of the solitary strengths that remain within the midst of service marketing. I am sure that this will make me realize even more differentiating features in the coming times. Service firms need to have a clear cut direction as to what exactly they want to achieve since services keep on changing with the advent of time. Further, these service firms must realize that they need to give something extra and not just focus on the provision of service alone. The customers look up to these service firms for quality and hence value addition is indeed the order of the day. Moreover these service firms must ensure that they meet the needs of the time and have a very significant niche within the competition that becomes fast every now and then. Lastly, in order to achieve success across the service domains, it is very important that the service firms make use of products from time to time so that an element of tangibility remains with the customers of the service. This is important as the changing times will witness added features for the sake of service firms. Services are usually appreciated by people because these are more personal in nature and hence suit the needs of the people. The element of person-centric forms the basis of their liking and disliking in the long run. Thus it would be correct to state that services are usually dependent on the people in a number of different ways, all of which lead towards brand loyalty and associations. Another reason is that the service domains change over a period of time and usually the element of improvement forms the cornerstone of any service, which indeed is a plus point when spoken about the brand loyalty aspects of service firms. The last reason is that services tend to change on the basis of consumers’ moods,

Gloria Jean's Coffees Australia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gloria Jean's Coffees Australia - Assignment Example Gloria Jean is being an innovation driven organization has managed to develop numerous coffee recipes over the years. However, their expertise in coffee has not prevented them from adding tea and chocolate drinks into the menu to better serve customers by offering a variety. Apart from beverages, Gloria Jean’s has also developed merchandise like the G 79 espresso machine. The latest in its production lines are Cake, which in two new flavours choc raspberry white, and choc mouse. The company also has new blends of tea like pomegranate, Super berry, and tropical green. This has enhanced the ability to come up with new beverage blends that have endeared the franchise to millions of people. Moreover, it has enabled the company to remain a leader in this highly competitive industry. Having sprouted in Sidney in the late 20th century, Gloria Jean’s has been so successful in its journey to explore new markets. The company achieved a global outlook in the year 2009 when it managed to acquire Gloria Jean’s franchise in the U.S. currently serving in 39 markets the quest to make the brand a worldwide success is still ongoing as shown in the company’s vision and mission. Its vision: â€Å"to be the most loved and respected coffee company worldwide† speaks volumes of the direction the company has taken (Saleh & Irvine). Its ultimate goal is achieving a global status which entails having outlets in every country in the world. Its plan to shift to a business model that is franchise –only steam rolled this February when it shut down 14 outlets in Australia. This model was adapted last December when the company was sold to Global Yellow Pages a Singaporean company (Cole, 2013). This move to fully franchise enabled the company to have the necessary financial influence to expand into China and other Asian markets where the huge population provides a potentially huge customer

Water resource issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Water resource issues - Essay Example Population size is increasing day by day whereas the availability of fresh water remains stationary or decreasing. As a result of that, the available fresh water per head is getting reduced as time goes on. Drinking water is an essential commodity required to sustain human life on earth. It is believed that the next world war may be occurred probably for the control of fresh water resources. Many people believe that the recent attack on Iraq by America was not to take revenge upon Saddam, but to seize control over the fresh water resources of Iraq. In any case, drinking water shortage is getting intensified as time goes on. It is necessary to manage water resources judiciously to overcome the drinking water shortage. Strategies necessary to reduce the pollution of fresh water resources should be implemented as much as possible. The usage of fertilizers and chemicals should be reduced as much as possible and organic farming methods should be employed more and more. Industrialization should be done carefully and the industrial wastes should not be allowed to mix with fresh water resources. In short, a little bit control on industrialization and farming would reduce the water pollution

GLOBAL BUSINESS CONTEXT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

GLOBAL BUSINESS CONTEXT - Essay Example Airline Industry remains a most important figure at global level as it is providing different services at the same time. We found its first origination in 1909, and since then the structure of this industry changes over time showing a regular boosting and improvement. The structure of airline sector compromises of passenger services and freight services. On the other hand, its services are categorized as intra-continental, inter-continental, domestic services, operated or scheduled services and charter services1. The airline industry includes different sectors that together give rise to a complete Airline Sector. These sectors are Airbus, Jumbo Jets, Boeings and other small jets. The airlines deal with different services and among them passenger services and freight are the most common and most important services. Though, it was 1909 when the first airline craft was introduced by the Germany but this wasn't the most important figure. The actual industry starts when the airbus discovery took place. But before that, in 1914 the very first commercial flight in the US starts but this remain the only service till 1925 when the ford introduces their commercial flight holding 12-passengers capacity. At the same time the US decided to operate at global level and by 1930, the introduction of Boeing was made2. But till this time, the airline sector did not show any good performance and enhancement. Actual chronicle belongs to the year 1970 when European consortium (Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain become the member later after few years) started an airbus Industry. The objectives of the goals behind this industry were to create commercial aircraft with Germany, Great Britain and Spain. Where as, within the consortium France play the role of assembling. The logic behind this was to give a growth to international travelling. As, the need and demand for the international travelling increases in that era, the airbus industry play an important role in Airline sector3. The industry employee more than 57,000 people and are working in sixteen regions. The Airbus Industry has its subsidiaries in United States, China and Japan due to the reason that these countries are ranked top in the most advance technological growth. The Airbus was named by the airline industry due to its specific size and range. Airbus includes different types of Jets and planes namely as Aerospatiale, Deutsche airbus, Hawker Siddeley and Fokker. Within the airbus industry, Aerospatiale and Deutsche took 36.5% of share according to production; Hawker took 20% and Fokker as 7%. During the year 1971 in October the Spanish company CASA acquired 4.2% of the share of Airbus Industry. Than later in the years different changes took place including the British acquisition of British Aerospace and acquired 20% of the s hare. This impacted on the share of shareholders which reduces to 37.9%. Initially the growth of consortium was poor by 1979 much of the improvements take place and among them was the services of 81 aircrafts or airbuses. It was 1981, when the launch of A320

Maydavian Online Reservation and Booking System Essay Example for Free

Maydavian Online Reservation and Booking System Essay Maydavian has been founded as a resort in the beautiful island of Palawan. With the exertion of Ms. Marrieta S. Mayor, the capital of this unspoiled island, and a memorable journey of about two hours by bus or shuttle taking you through a zigzag in the mountains and with breathtaking views of mountain ranges and unspoiled forests. An oasis of hospitality awaits you at Maydavian, with spectacular views of the Sulu Sea. Ideally located in a coconut plantation with modern facilities in harmony with the serene and soothing atmosphere. Maydavian Resort establish on 2000. The establishment started with just a small canteen, 6 rooms and small dinning cottages. After a few months, reception hall, VIP rooms and Standards rooms were built. A swimming pool was formally open to the public. Maydavian Resort has a total land area of eighteen hectares located at Brgy. Caguisan Narra, Palawan. The guest who visited Maydavian loved enjoyed a walkway through century mangroves, clear Sky and myriad of stars and delicious food serves for the most discerning of pallets comprising both Filipino and western specialties. Presently, Maydavian offers plenty of facilities and services. There are the Restaurant and Bar, the Maydavian Pavillion. One of the venues for wedding and birthday parties, island Park intended for playful kids and weather favors the park also serve as venue for children party and garden wedding reception for sports minded guest, there is a room venue for billiards and many more that had contributed to the overall success of this more than a decade old establishment. The continuous growth of the world their exist the modern and a high-tech way of living due to the reason of unsatisfied and consciousness of humans by discovering and searching for more effective way of living such as computer- is a device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high speed mathematical or logical operations that can assembles, store, correlates and otherwise process information. Dealing with the triumphant advancement, internet is a network of almost transaction system through this transaction system must gather sort of information for online services. Website is related collection of web files that includes an initial called a homepage it is essential in an organization to establish a tourist spot in the province of Palawan adopting reliable reviewing like a website to provide a complex transaction system through on line services. This system is entitled â€Å"Maydavian Resort Online Reservation and Booking System†.

Criminal Trends Essay Example for Free

Criminal Trends Essay There is no question that crime has had and continues to hinder society. The criminal justice system is an intricate part of society and is essential that this system remains capable of adequately dealing with the latest crime trends. It was the establishment of the consistency with the Social Commission that the number or crimes should become a priority so that the facts and statistics developed can be readily available for use. When the first crimes were recorded over 60 years ago there findings showed crime trends in larceny, physical assaults, and homicide. As time progressed into today the studies conducted show an increase and broader concept to include organized crime from the mafias, organized crime involving gangs, trafficking of illegal drugs, and the illegal trafficking of humans. The interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society is always changing. There are many components that affect society and criminal justice system. Components such as the increase of juvenile crimes, gun control, technology, and legalization of drugs, terrorism, and the list can continue. The two main components that have the largest effect from society to the criminal justice system are going to the increasing advancement of technology and the newly risen debate of gun control. These two components have the largest impact on society and the criminal justice system. Past trends that affected the criminal justice system: Society and the criminal justice system had their share of crime during the past. The crime that was handled during this time was difficult as it is today when something new occurs and has to be handled. Years ago there was not the forensics capabilities or the technology that we have today to solve murders and other crimes. The technological devices and advances that are available today were not present; therefore, requiring society and the criminal justice system do the best they each could do. The criminal justice system and its many agencies did not have bullet proof vests, GPS search systems, DNA/forensics, computers, Internet, biometric imagery, database information centers, telephones, walkie-talkies, and the list continues. Depending on how deep in the past things is observed or studied the criminal justice system and society had a different relationship than what is found today between the two. Society was not as quick to get involved with matters that did not concern them or their families; however, society had more of a hardcore respect for the criminal justice system especially, law enforcement. Technology is not the only component that affects the criminal justice system and society, gun laws and rights do so as well. In 1787, under The Bill of Rights in the second amendment was established allowing the American citizens to the â€Å"right to keep and bear arms† (Lee, 2012). Gun Control issues that are prevalent today were not seen as issues in the past and possibly could be seen differently in the future. There has been laws and policies created in the past that if they were not established the impact would be horrible for today’s criminal justice system. The list below complies to the past circumstances with gun control to make what society and the criminal justice system has developed recently. 1934 The National Firearms Act was established to help maintain, control, and tax firearms used during the prohibition era (Lee, 2012). * 1938 The Federal Firearms Act was established to begin the process of record keeping and acquiring a licensing for sellers (Lee, 2012). * 1968 The Gun Control Act was established to prohibit anyone from purchasing a long gun through the postal service, prohibits convicted felons, drug users, and the mental ill from obtaining the right to carry a firearm (Lee, 2012). 1990 The Crime Control Act was created to make certain areas gun-free zones, such locations that of a school area (Lee, 2012). The fact that these actions created and maintain from the past a foundation that we use today when dealing with any form of gun violence or gun requirement. In past people could carry a gun inside facilities, own whatever make or model that was present at the time, children knew how to shoot, children could carry a gun (western days); however, with the incidents that occurred developed the impact that we carry on today in society. The truth behind every act or law there is a reason to why it was created, established, and enforced. Recent and present trends that affecting the criminal justice system: According to Cetron and Davis, â€Å"the exponential rate at which technology is changing directly affecting policing today. While it offers new tools for officers, it is also providing extremely lucratively and easy means of criminal activity. † The criminal justice system and citizens are both affected by this change. Technology has progressed so rapidly over the past decade alone that criminals are committing crimes internationally, and this is making the job of law enforcement agencies even more difficult, more time consuming, and more dangerous. The criminal justice system does still have corruption from different agencies, especially the law enforcement. Today, technological advancements, and crime control relate to investigator and investigations may not significantly decrease violent crimes, only time will tell if technology advancements are hindering the criminal justice system and the privacy that Americans so desire nowadays (Muraskin, 2009). One of the most important technological creations used today is smartphones. Smartphones are equipped with cameras to take live and still shots, voice recordings, application downloads, file storage, area to link other equipment into the phone, and the list continues. The second most important technological device that has been created and used today by society and members of the criminal justice system with the different agencies is The Global Positioning System or GPS. The second trend that has taken toll recently with society and the criminal justice system and its many agencies is gun control. The horrible incident that occurred at Sandy Hook elementary school where innocent children lost their lives started a national conversation on the revision of gun control policies and acts presently in effect (Greathouse, 2013). Issues such as assault weapons bans, ammunition access, deterring the use of guns by criminals and the potentially violent, and the influence of violent media are in question because of this horrible attack. The role of law enforcement and the courts in reducing further incidents of gun violence has also been at the forefront of the h\gun violence discussion. There have been efforts to impose harsher sentences for gun crimes, producing stark difference in the federal versus state or local penalties in some areas† (Goldberger, 2008). Society has mixed emotions of the possible increments that could affect their ability to maintain their second amendment right. The main argument with most individuals in society is that guns don’t kill people, but people kill people. The possibility of divided society is strong if society loses their rights to â€Å"bear arms†, and on the other hand member of the criminal justice system who are also a part of society when off duty will have to handle the aspect of a â€Å"twin edged sword. † Future trends that will affect the criminal justice system: Attorney General Eric Holder stated, â€Å"The globalization of criminal networks and advances in technology have made international criminal organizations a significant threat to the safety and security of our nation. Preparing for the future in the criminal justice system with its many agencies and society is a hit and miss. The technology possibilities are endless. The new crimes that can occur or the possibility of terrorism happening again in this country are always strong. According to Nancy M. Ritter, â€Å" There is no question that terrorism, the growth of multicultural populations, massive migration, upheavals in age composition demographics, technological developments, and globalization in the future will affect the criminal justice system† (Ritter, 2004). Society is ever changing with the flow of the economy and the different cultures and nationalities that are present. It is a fact that we cannot control what has happened in the past, but we do have some control on what happens in the future. Society and the criminal justice system with its many agencies needs to develop an understanding and a respect for each other immediately so that when situations occur that no one in particular is involved respect for the decision and outcome are acceptable. Value of the criminal justice system in a changing society: People of society want to feel safe in our communities no matter where we are or what we are doing. There should not by any shape or form of reasoning to why individuals should not feel safe within their own homes, communities, and neighborhoods. People should be able to arise every day without having to look around and make sure if it is safe to leave their domain. Individuals should be able to walk down the street without having to look constantly over his or her shoulders in fear of harm. The relationship between the criminal justice system and society is not a complex relationship. Society is involved in many steps, policies, and procedures within the criminal justice system. Society helps with the elections of officials and also has a possible role in law making. Individuals from society help in the courtroom proceedings as well as they are members of a jury. According to Muraskin and Roberts, who states that â€Å"society is a part of the criminal justice system and its protocol such as the prevention of crime, policy making, and witnesses during court cases and jury members during courtroom proceedings. The criminal justice system is establish with law enforcement help enforce the laws of the â€Å"land† and protect the individuals in society. Society and the criminal justice system has had their differences that changed the perception and amount of respect some individuals had toward the system, but strive forward the past has to be let gone. Soceity and the criminal justice system has to work to work together to maintain a safe and stable living en vironment for everyone. The value of the criminal justice system in a changing society is irrefutable. Society would be nowhere if there was not a crimirnal justice system. If the criminals justice system did not exist, and this country would be taken over by organized crime, terrorst groups, by drugs, identity theft, prostitution, human trafficking, and the list continues. The system gives society their rights, what keeps them safe and what upholds the law. Our societies are changing daily with the increasing illegal immigrants who are located within our borders. The increaseing amount of illegal immigrants develops differences in races, cultures, beliefs, and ideology. The crimnal justice system keeps many of these things from taking over our nation and witout them there is no hope. â€Å"Predictions and visions of the furture are makred by challegnges, expectatons, advaced preparedness, and techological developments. Crminal justice professionals are encountering enormous challenes and organizational changes, Whether or not the technologically advnaced changes in criminal justice investgations and crime control will contnue to significantly reduce violent crime rates remains to be seen. But, technological and social developments as well as policy changes offer much promises for the future† (Muraskin, 2009). Conclusion: The crimes that society has had to contend within the past still hinder the criminal justice system along with the new elements of crime. Crime trends are extending beyond the border of the United States and are a challenge globally. Cybercrimes are on the rise as society becomes more dependent upon electronic data gadgets and the Internet. The criminal justice system of today is believed by many not to be capable of remaining effective without change. The current methods of dealing with criminals and their crimes are ineffective toward the current crime trends. This will require changes in the way the grand jury operates on an everyday basis. The most practical effective method for the grand jury would be to meet and discuss current crimes and punishments without an authoritarian disposition. The ongoing fact is that the criminal justice system has and will contour to change. Criminal will come up with new and clever ways to commit their crimes and the criminal justice system has to come up with ways to combat these advancements. Society will always have criminals therefore making the constant need for the criminal justice system and all the agencies involved. The criminal justice system will always be an ever evolving field within society. Society changes on a regular basis and with change from within society develops the technological needs are established. In other words, as society changes the needs that it takes to be more productive is altered to fit the present situation. The barriers that come along can affect how the criminal justice system interprets on how to control and maintain the situation. The fundamental basis of the criminal justice system is to protect and serve the community. The criminal justice system has to stay ahead of the game, especially the changes that occur in society. Crime trends may not last; therefore, receiving a fundamental explanation of how long crime trends will last is anyone’s guess because different trends have no set time frame to how long they are going last. Trends whether what nature they are come and go and other develop in another ones place. Changes over time in crime trends and patterns have significant consequences, which affect the criminal justice system as well as to the essential departments because if one were to look at â€Å"such areas as health, housing, and employment consistent trends ad patterns emerge, whereas America lacks the information and comprehensive research on crime trends† (Goldberger, 2008).