The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 880 Words

Mark Twain‘s The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a wonderful illustration of the picaresque nineteen century American novel. The author portrays the world and spirit of the South through the eyes and the journey of a young boy, Huck, and his friends Jim, and Tom. From the beginning, three themes friendship, conflict between society and natural life, and escape, emerge and are developed throughout the novel. Friendship underlines the entire book as the hero is essentially an orphan, Huckleberry Finn. Huck experiences the world around him with his friend Tom, a boy of the same age, and Jim, a runaway slave who lives with him though their entire voyage to become not only a wonderful companion, but also a fatherly figure. In the first chapter, Tom is introduced both as Huck’s friend and adventure seeker while Jim is then only one of the â€Å"niggers† of the household, called for prayers. Tom‘s camaraderie is precious to Huck as he seems to be his only real fr iend in the gang, while the others wouldn’t mind to get rid of him as he has no family and they would not be able to kill them if he did not follow the band’s oath in chapter 2. In chapter 8 Huck thinks about Tom and believes his friend would be proud of him faking his death to get away from Pap. Later in the novel, Tom is happy to help out Huck and Jim when they are at his aunt’s house starting in chapter thirty-three until the end of the novel. Chapter eight brings Jim into Huckleberry’s life as Huck is happy to be freeShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to say just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the storyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novel

Lifestyle Change Assignment Free Essays

We would also look to see how his behaviors in the morning can influence behaviors later In the day. Does he eat a large lunch because the donuts and coffee TLD hold him till noon? Does he drink another three cups of coffee at work because he Is feeling sluggish? After assessing his behavioral chain, we could then determine what the consequences are and construct strategies to help him to break one, or multiple, areas of the behavioral chain. 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Lifestyle Change Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now What cognitive strategies wants to be a size 8 for her high school reunion in three months’ time? I would let her know that although I could possibly help her lose some weight in three months, to drop down to a size 8 would be more of a long-term goal. I would reassure her that she would be Just as beautiful at the high school reunion whether a size 22 or size 8. I could help her try and reach a goal of a size 18 or 20, and tone up a body part that she can show off (such as arms or legs). I would also refer her to a nutritionist who could probably help her, more than me, with the quick short-term weight loss that she wants. 4. Name three metaphors you could use to make a client feel okay about having relapses in their efforts to switch too healthier diet. One is a metaphor about a baby walking. Babies fall a lot when learning to walk, but we keep encouraging them. We don’t tell them â€Å"forget it-?you will never walk†. A second metaphor is using football to demonstrate relapses. In football the team’s long-term goal is to win. But the team also has a short-term goal of gaining yardage. Even though the team may not gain any yardage they don’t give up the game; they keep playing working towards he long-term goal of winning. I will tell the client to think of the other times he has relapsed, and think how he still came back, and how much he has gained in that period of time. My favorite metaphor from the internet is: saying â€Å"Oh Eve already ruined my good eating today I’ll Just eat crap† is like saying â€Å"Oh I dropped my phone on the floor I’ll Just smash it till it breaks†. 5. The three-step protocol for behavior management/ lifestyle coaching is: ; Assessment ; Teaching ; Evaluation Why are these steps important? The only way to establish the clients concerns or goals is with an assessment. It also helps establish rapport between the lifestyle coach and client. The lifestyle coach needs to gather information from the client to learn about his stages of change, behaviors, situation, and family history, expectations, previous behavior change attempts, and exercise history. These help the lifestyle coach to modify plans and support especially for that client. Because most of a person’s behavior are behaviors they have learned, they must learn how to change their negative behaviors. It is essential for the coach to teach the client. The teacher may give the client verbal feedback or describing observations. With the verbal feedback and/or enlightened by observations, the student can learn behavior modification. Evaluation is also important. Evaluation should be continuously evaluating the effectiveness of the coaching and client efforts. It is used to adjust and modify the goals, implementation, strategies, and effort. Without evaluation there is no way to establish if goals have been met or if the process is successfully working or helping. How to cite Lifestyle Change Assignment, Papers

english 2nd semester Example For Students

english 2nd semester abstraction something not; a quality separated from an object complemented that which filled up or completed or brought to perfection concrete something that can be perceived by the senses (smelled, tasted, felt, heard or seen) equating treating or regarding as the same Queen Elizabeth I Five members of the Tudor family ruled England from 1485 to 1603. f those one hundred eighteen years, Queen Elizabeth I ruled for forty-five (1558-1603). During her reign, the religious, political, economic, and intellectual changes that had begun under her grandfather, Henry VII, and her father, Henry VIII, reached a climax. The result was a flourishing of the arts and patriotism. As Queen, Elizabeth not only ruled, but also gloriously represented the spirit of her times. Both she and her people loved and lived life with zest. The Elizabethan Age was one of exuberance and enthusiasm. The medieval focus on life after death gave way to an *Elizabethan emphasis on the here and now.* Though still religious, Elizabeths subjects vigorously pursued the pleasures and benefits of worldly living. Religion itself had been a source of controversy and struggle in England since the reign of Henry VIII. *When the Pope refused to grant Henry a divorce from his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon, so that he could marry Anne Boleyn, Henry cut ties with the Church in Rome and established himself as the head of the Anglican Church of England.* Thus, Henry VIII introduced the Protestant Reformation, begun in Germany, to England. Though Henry generally maintained a balance between the Protestant and Catholic elements, his successors did not. The power struggle between religions accelerated under Henrys son and immediate successor, Edward VI, and under Mary, Henrys daughter by Catherine and successor to Edward. After Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, took the throne, she definitively established the Anglican Church. One of the greatest crises England encountered during Elizabeths reign was an *attack by the powerful Spanish navy. In July 1588*, Philip II of Spain sent his Invincible Armada to invade England. The Spaniards lost over sixty-three ships and nine thousand men, and Spanish dominion of the seas was ended. England ruled the seas and her spirit of pride and patriotism soared. The Elizabethan Age was a period of geographical explorations and expansion. Consequently, England emerged as a leader in the European race to build commercial empires. Trade with distant countries provided a new source of wealth to the middle class merchants. Enjoying the spirit of success, England was an eager recipient of the spirit of rebirth or reawakening that was influencing the thought of sixteenth-century Europe. This rebirth, later labeled by historians as the *Renaissance*, was sparked by a renewed interest in the classics of ancient Greece and Rome. It also resulted in a burst of creativity in, and cultivation of, the fine arts; in a growth in the spirit of individualism; in an expansion of intellectual thought; and in a new insight into the purpose and significance of the human person. The Renaissance *emphasis on the magnificence and wonder of the individual person, as well as of the surrounding world*, encouraged Elizabethans to consider life as more than a process of waiting for life after death. *They believed that life was exciting and beautiful and should be enjoyed immediately.* Shakespeares Hamlet exclaims, What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving how express and admirable. The Renaissance ideal expanded the concept of the individual to include all aspects—spiritual, rational, emotional, and physical—of the human personality. The Elizabethan exuberance, therefore, was a reflection of a seemingly limitless desire to know, to do, and to be. The English literature of the Renaissance offers ample proof of the Elizabethan respect for life and beauty, wherever it may be found. Match the description to the date or term. 1. defeat of the Spanish Armada 2. end of Tudor reign 3. daughter of Anne Boleyn 4. daughter of Catherine 5. Tudor reign in England 6. Renaissance 1. 1588 2. 1603 3. Elizabeth 4. Mary 5. 1485-1603 6. rebirth Richard Tottels collection ______ was the first such collection made and became popularly known as _____. Songs and Sonnets; Tottels Miscellany Elizabethan Poetry Elizabethan poetry offers a variety of thoughts in words and rhythms that are pleasing to hear. The exuberance of the Elizabethan Age often expressed itself in songs, some spontaneous and others carefully designed. The development of musical Instruments such as the *virginal and viola da gamba* complemented this impulse to sing. Nearly everyone in Elizabethan times could sing or play a musical instrument. *In 1577, Richard Tottel published the first collection of songs and lyrics under the title Songs and Sonnets.* This book, however, usually is called *Tottels Miscellany*. Similar songbooks soon appeared, some with titles such as *The Paradise of Dainty Devices and The Gorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inventions*. Like these titles, many of the Elizabethan songs were decorative and elaborate; others, however, were clear and simple. Elizabethan songs often alluded to Greek mythology. Such references are a natural way for Renaissance songwriters to express their admiration of classical times. In the poem The Triumph of Charis the poet used Charis as his subject. In Greek mythology, Charis is the personification of beauty and charm. Song Questions Which song focuses on the fickleness of men? -Song from Much Ado About Nothing Which song is a morning, awakening song? -from Cymbeline Which song would a mother most likely sing to a child at bedtime? -Golden Slumbers Kiss Your Eyes What does Charis triumph over in the song The Triumph of Charis? -Her beauty and charm have all men wishing to be by her side. What is the conceit in There is a Garden in her Face? NOTE: A conceit is a literary device that compares two dissimilar things. -The womens lips are compared to cherries because she will not allow anyone to kiss them until she cries Cherry-Ripe. (line 6) Choose the sense that the poet appeals to in the last two lines of each stanza. -hearing (Spring, the Sweet Spring from Summers Last Will and Testament, by Thomas Nashe) Which line offers the best example of alliteration? -line one Full Fadom1, five thy father lies Personification Personification is a figure of speech by which the author gives human forms and traits to something that is not human (inanimate object, animal, abstraction). Poets use personification to help sharpen the readers interest and understanding. In Golden Slumbers Kiss Your Eyes, Thomas Dekker uses personification in the first and second lines: Golden slumbers kiss your eyes,/ Smiles awake you when you rise. Allusion If you thought that the Song from Cymbeline was the least simple and clear, your response was well founded. In that song, William Shakespeare uses an allusion, a figure of speech that can add a touch of sophistication. An allusion is a reference, direct or indirect, to a well-known literary, scriptural, or historical event or person. In Song from Cymbeline, Shakespeare refers to Phoebus, also known as Phoebus Apollo, the sun god of the ancient Greeks. To better understand the world around them, the Greeks frequently explained a natural-but still mysterious-phenomenon, such as the sun, by equating it with a god. In turn, to better understand this god, they personified him. Thus, the sun and the god who represented it are humanized. Shakespeare referred to this sun god when he spoke of Phoebus, as a person who gins arise to start the day. Imagery In his effort to involve the reader, the poet often uses imagery; that is, he uses clear, concrete details that appeal to the readers senses. An image is sometimes defined in literature classes as a word picture. More exactly, an image is a word or phrase that encourages the reader to hear, touch, smell, taste, and see the poets subjects. In Song from Cymbeline, Shakespeare helps the reader to see the flowers by showing the shape (cup-shaped) of some and color (golden) of others. Elizabethan poets frequently used an elaborate and exaggerated image called a conceit. In this figure of speech, the writer makes a comparison between two things that are normally considered very dissimilar. Match the example to the term. 1. the fields breathe sweet 2. Phoebus 3. bag of the bee 4. first collection of songs and lyrics 5. The Triumph of Charis 1. personification 2. allusion 3. imagery 4. Richard Tottel 5. Ben Jonson Match the definition to the word. 1. something not concrete; a quality separated from an object 2. that which filled up or completed or brought to perfection 3. something that can be perceived by the senses (smelled, tasted, felt, heard or seen) 4. treating or regarding as the same 1. abstraction 2. complemented 3. concrete 4. equating Thomas Campion uses elaborate imagery to help the reader see his lovely lady. Match the comparison that the poet uses to the feature of his loves face. 1. roses and lilies 2. cherries 3. garden 4. rosebuds filled with snow 5. angels 6. pearls 7. bent bows 1. her cheeks 2. her lips 3. her face 4. her lips and teeth 5. her eyes 6. her teeth 7. her eyebrows According to Ariel, how many feet under the sea is Ferdinands father? 30 In this poem, Ferdinands fathers eyes have become _____ and his bones have become _____. pearls; coral courtier an attendant at a royal court sequences continuous or related series Sonnet Lyric poetry is highly subjective. It expresses the feeling or attitude of the poet. The sonnet is a specialized type of lyric poetry that was popular in Elizabethan England. The sonnet had its origin in Italy (the word means *little song* in Italian) where it had been perfected by the poet *Francesco Petrarch*. Introduced into England in the early sixteenth century by *Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey*, the sonnet soon became a literary fashion. *Three famous sonneteers of the Elizabethan Age were Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare.* John Donne is noted for his religious sonnets. Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) was a poet, critic, scholar, diplomat, courtier, and soldier. He offers an example of the ideal Renaissance man. At 32, Sidney took part in a military expedition to Holland. He was fatally wounded during a skirmish there, and, according to a traditional story, he offered his own bottle of water to another dying man because he believed the soldiers need was greater than his own. He died as he had lived: as a gentleman. With his Astrophel and Stella, Sidney sparked the popularity of writing sonnet sequences. He addressed his sequence to Penelope Devereux; but gave his lady a name taken from Greek and Roman literature, as did some of the other Elizabethan poets. Stella means star; Astrophel means star-lover. Like most other Elizabethan sonnet sequences, Astrophel and Stella focuses on the poets love for a beautiful woman. The sonnets you will read are two of the 108 sonnets in Astrophel and Stella. Although he used variations, Sir Philip Sidney followed the Italian sonnet form more closely than any other Elizabethan writer. (has Sonnet XXXI and Sonnet XLI as examples) Match the description to the person or term. 1. brought sonnet to England 2. fourteen line poem written in iambic pentameter 3. octave/sestet 4. three quatrains and a couplet 5. famous sonneteer 1. Wyatt and Surrey 2. sonnet 3. Italian Sonnet 4. English Sonnet 5. Edmund Spenser In the Italian sonnet, the ______ contains the answer to the problem presented in the ______. sestet; octave The ______ is the first eight lines of an ______. octave; Italian Sonnet archaic belonging to an earlier period, antiquated immortalize to give lasting fame to something or someone quest a seeking or search Edmund Spenser (1552-1599). Considered one of the greatest English poets, he was the successor to Chaucer in the development of English poetry. After his graduation from Cambridge, Spenser spent four years in the household of the Earl of Leicester, Philip Sidneys uncle and a favorite courtier of Queen Elizabeth. Then he accepted a government assignment in Ireland, where he remained until shortly before his death. Spensers most famous work is *The Faerie Queen*, the longest poem in the English language. The Faerie Queen of the poem is Gloriana, a symbol of Queen Elizabeth to whom he dedicated this masterpiece. The name of Spensers sonnet sequence is *Amoretti* (Little Loves). Spensers sonnets sprang from a real, personal love for Elizabeth Boyle, his future wife. Spenser wrote in a quaint and archaic language; therefore, his poetry is often reprinted in Elizabethan spelling to give a true representation of his style. You should have no trouble understanding the sonnets if you pronounce the words as they are spelled and keep in mind that a u is used as a w or a v. (shows Sonnet XV XXXIV for examples) Spenser used a simile to develop Sonnet XXXIV. A simile is a figure of speech that expresses a similarity between two objects, using like or as. A metaphor is a figure of speech that does not use like or as to compare two objects. Spenser, as you have seen, developed a sonnet pattern of his own. In the Spenserian sonnet, the thought is developed through three sets of rhyme. Each set introduces the rhyme of the next: abab bcbc cdcd. The last two lines introduce a new rhyme—ee—that summarizes the idea of the sonnet. Questions Lesson 3 The English sonnet is also called the Spenserian sonnet. false The rhyme scheme of Sonnet XV and Sonnet XXXIV are abba abba cdcd ee. false The poet compares himself to a ship. true What, according to the speaker, is the fairest treasure of his loved one? her mind A metaphor compares two things without using like or as. true The Italian sonnet is also called a Petrarchan sonnet. true The word this in the last line refers to the sonnet The poetic device used in line 6 is personification According to the poet, the summer is inferior to the subject of his poem because: ______. Select all that apply. it is too short it is too hot it dies Choose the rhyme scheme of Sonnet XXIX (Presume possessd rhymes with least. ). abab cdcd efef gg What is the metaphor in Line 7? Love is compared to the guiding star for all earthly travelers. What is the best restatement of the first sentence? Let me not speak out against why two true-minded people should be married. What type of sonnet is this? Italian In Sonnet XV, why does the speaker not think merchants need to seek for precious things in far away places? because his lady contains all riches within herself The eye of heaven is the sun What two reasons does the speaker give for why all fair things decline? nature and chance What does Donne not say that death is a slave to? sickness What is the sonnet seeking to define? love Which of the following is not a sonnet popularly used during the Elizabethan Age? All were used. (Spenserian, Petrarchan, Italian, English) The rhyme scheme of the following lines is _____. High diddle diddle, The Cat and the Fiddle, The Cow jumped over the moon. The little Dog laughed To see such craft, And the Dish ran away with the Spoon. a, a, b, c, c, b Something ________ is not able to be perceived by the senses. abstract A(n) _____ is a figure of speech which compares two dissimilar things. conceit Something ________ can be perceived by one or more of the five senses. concrete The literary technique whereby human qualities are given to things not human is called ________. personification Using a reference to someone or something that is well known is called _____. allusion The repetition of initial consonants is called ______. alliteration Why would alliteration of the letter s add to the description of a fire? The repeated sounds imitate fire hissing. Why would a poet want to use alliteration? to create a sound effect by repeating sounds To _______ something or someone is to give it lasting fame. immortalize Poets often use _______ to help the reader see, hear, touch, taste, or feel the subject. imagery A metaphor _____. is a direct comparison T/F: A sonnet is a ten-line poem without a rhyme scheme. false All sonnets have a total of __ lines. 14 In Greek mythology, ______ is the personification of beauty and charm. Charis T/F: Phoebus Apollo is the sun god of Greek mythology. true T/F: All the Elizabethan songs were decorative and elaborate. false The rhythm pattern of all sonnets is called ________. iambic pentameter T/F: All sonnets have the same rhyme scheme. false Match the phrase that describes his sonnets with the poet. 1. addresses his sonnets to Stella 2. bases his sonnets on a love for his future wife 3. bases his sonnets on religious thought 4. addresses some of his sonnets to a Dark Lady 1. Sidney 2. Spenser 3. Donne 4. Shakespeare A poet uses ______ at the end of lines to tie together thoughts and to produce pleasure with the repetitious sounds. rhyme Sonnet IV What is the rhyme scheme of Sonnet LV? -abab cdcd efef gg To which of your senses do the images in Lines 1 and 4 appeal? sight What line number states how long the subject of the poem will live? -line 13 Which of the following is not mentioned in the poem as an element that destroys man-made monuments and memories? -future What theme, commonly used by Shakespeare, does Sonnet LV illustrate? -A poet can immortalize love and beauty in his poetry. In which line does the poet use allusion? -line 7 What line number states why the subject of the poem will live so long? -line 14 allegory a story in which people, things, and happenings have another meaning anachronistic out of its proper historical time incongruities things or ideas that are not in agreement with each other or are not compatible patronage support or protection given by someone playwright a person who writes plays raucous rough-sounding scaffold a temporary wooden stage secularized not of religious significance setting actual physical surroundings or scenery; also, the time and place of an action vagabonds shiftless, idle, or disreputable persons Church plays The origins of English drama are the church plays of the Middle Ages. These plays were a part or an extension of the church service. Their original purpose was to *help the uneducated congregation understand the Latin masses* (i.e., the readings of scripture were acted out so that those who could not understand the language could still get the meaning). The lines of the plays, in their earliest form, were chanted or sung. Eventually, the plays became so elaborate and so humorous that they were no longer appropriate for this setting, and were therefore, transferred outdoors. Once outside, both the plays and the audiences lost more and more of their formality. Latin gave way to the native language. Plays grew more humorous and lighthearted, and audiences became more rambunctious; eventually, churches forbade the productions. mystery plays The plays found new support from the town authorities who used the trade guilds as dramatic companies. Guildsmen provided money for costumes, stage properties, and actors wages. The plays came to be called mystery plays. Although *secularized in production, the plays were based on the Bible*. The plays were performed in a *cycle*, a series of short plays that formed one long narrative. Sometimes the individual plays within the cycle were performed on fixed stages or stations, and the crowds moved from station to station to see the entire cycle. Usually, however, individual plays were performed on separate wagons that moved to the spectators who were gathered at various predetermined locations in the city. Moving in succession, the wagons brought the entire cycle to the waiting crowds. These wagons were called *pageants*. The design of a pageant usually reflected its purpose and relationship to a specific guild. miracle plays Another dramatic form of medieval England was the miracle play. Although similar to the mystery plays, the miracle plays were based on the lives of the saints. morality plays Developed in the Late Middle Ages, the morality play was a dramatized *allegory*. In it, abstract virtues and vices—like mercy and shame—were personified. The most famous morality play is *Everyman*, in which Everyman, who represents all people, receives a summons from Death. interludes is a dramatic form that is considered a transition from medieval morality plays to Elizabethan drama. The original definition of an interlude is unknown, but it is believed to have begun during the reign of Henry VIII as a brief skit between the courses of a banquet. The word ultimately suggested a play brief enough to be presented between events of a dramatic performance, entertainment, or feast. *Court interludes* were realistic and humorous and intended primarily to amuse. *John Heywood* was the best-known writer of interludes; his most famous one is *The Four Ps.* This interlude presents a debate among a Palmer, a Pardoner, and a Pothecary. A Pedlar acts as a judge to determine who can tell the biggest lie. The Palmer wins when he claims that he never saw a woman lose her temper. (A palmer was a type of religious pilgrim; a pardoner sold indulgences; a pothecary was an early pharmacist; and a pedlar, now spelled peddler, was a traveling salesperson.) Middle Ages and Renaissance - MUSC 1010Why was Denmark preparing for a possible war? Select all that apply. -Hamlets father had killed the king of Norway. -Hamlets father had won some land from Norway. -The Norwegian kings son planned to avenge his father. Act I, scene ii questions T/F: Fortinbras is the nephew of the present king of Norway. -true? T/F: Fortinbras is the nephew of the present king of Norway. -true T/F: Hamlet agrees to remain in Denmark rather than return to where he had been living. -true T/F: The present king of Norway is aware of Fortinbrass activities. -true T/F: Obviously, Claudius neither likes nor trusts Polonius. -false T/F: King Hamlet had been dead six months when Claudius and Gertrude were married. -false Reread Hamlets soliloquy in Act I, scene ii. Check three reasons why he was depressed enough to even think of self-destruction. -his fathers death -Claudius role as king and stepfather -distrust for his mothers love for his father According to the Elizabethan definition of the term, which of the following is a tragedy? Loneliness and despair overwhelm a rich old man who had never taken time to make true friends. pompous quality of being filled with self-importance SECOND UNIT dissenter one that holds a different opinion, such as an English Nonconformist emigrate to leave a home to live elsewhere maneuver to scheme, to trick nonconformist a person who does not conform to the Church of England parish a local church community; an area committed to one pastor suppressive tending to put down, keeping from public knowledge the commonwealth and earlier *Commonwealth is the term used to describe the Puritans control of English government from 1649 until 1660.* To understand how the Puritans became powerful enough to gain control of England, you must first understand who the Puritans were. The term Puritan was probably first applied during Elizabethan times to those men, mostly craftsmen and citizens of the flourishing bourgeois group, who believed that the Church of England should be purified of unnecessary ritual that was no longer meaningful and of organization that was no longer able to reach individual members. These dissenters resented their governments imposing on them what they considered a corrupt faith. Parish priests of the Church of England were awarded their positions by being the owner of the most land in the area. The clergymans payment came out of parish tax funds and, once established, was automatic. Once a vicar was given a parish, he almost always kept that parish. The overseeing bishops were appointed by the monar ch. Thus, by the time of Elizabeths successor, James I (see Chart 2), seemingly no division existed between church and state. Tax money supported the church, and the king governed it. Anglicans, members of the Church of England, feared these Puritans and other dissenters, or Nonconformists, because they rebelled not only against the church but also against the state since church and state were so closely related. Fearful Anglicans made laws to enforce conformity to the Church of England. One such law was responsible for John Bunyans stay in Bedford jail, influencing his work Pilgrims Progress. These laws forced Puritans further away from the party of the king. James I himself widened that division by insisting on his absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. James wished to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain, a wish that further angered the Puritans, who felt that the Roman Catholic Church was idolatrous and went against their wishes to purify the church of unnecessary rituals. His son, Charles I, was so eager to control England without Parliament that no Parliament was convened from *1629 to 1640* (see Chart 1). Moreover, Charles clearly preferred Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. This period was so difficult for the Puritans that nearly twenty thousand emigrated to America. In 1640, when the newly convened Parliament refused to give Charles money to quiet unrest in Scotland, the stage was set for the *Civil War, which began in 1642*(-1645), *between the kings forces (sometimes called Cavaliers or Royalists) and the Puritans (also called Roundheads ).* Puritans felt justified in defying the king because they disapproved of his desire to insert politics into religion. In 1645, the Puritans won the Civil War. In *1649*, after some Puritan maneuvering in Parliament, *Charles I was executed*. Thus, in 1649, the Commonwealth began its eleven-year existence. During this period, Parliament was the ruling body until *1653*, when the Puritan leader of the Parliamentary forces, Oliver Cromwell, was declared *Lord Protector*. *Oliver Cromwell* died in 1658. His son could not prevent an invitation to Charles II to return to England as king. By this time, most English citizens had become tired of the Puritan governments suppressive actions, which included *closing theaters by Parliamentary act from 1642 to 1660*, beheading the Archbishop of Canterbury, and evicting Anglican clergymen from their parishes. The English were eager to celebrate Charles IIs return. *Thus in 1660, Charles II was made king, and the English monarchy was restored.* restoration of Charles II The Restoration did not altogether quiet the discontent that had led to civil war. Anglicans still feared Puritan influence; and Puritans, as well as many Anglicans, feared renewed Roman Catholic pressure from the monarchy. Less important uprisings occurred in 1678, 1685, and finally, in 1688. Even though Charles IIs Act of Grace had pardoned those Puritans not directly responsible for Charles Is death, nearly two thousand clergy with Puritan leanings left the Church of England in 1661. By 1672, the *Test Act* forced all officers of the state, both civil and military, to prove their sympathies by taking communion according to the form of the Church of England. Charles Is Roman Catholic preferences had so frightened the English that they readily believed *Titus Oates* (1649-1705) who invented a *Popish Plot.* According to Oates, in the Popish Plot, Roman Catholics were supposed to have planned to assassinate Charles II and other political leaders so that they could place his brother J ames II (a strong Roman Catholic) on the throne. Memories and resentments of previous Roman Catholic injustices were still fresh: *Queen Bloody Mary I*, daughter of Henry VIII, had burned Protestants at the stake only a century earlier; and the Roman Catholic-inspired *Gunpowder Plot* (when Guy Fawkes was prepared to blow up the king and Parliament) had happened in 1605. Once again this fear, based on the imaginary Popish Plot, renewed violence; some thirty-five people were executed for supposed treason. When James II took the throne in 1685 at his brothers death, he confirmed some of those fears. In 1688, he imprisoned seven bishops of the Church of England in the London Tower. When his second wife bore a son, many feared the obvious Roman Catholic heir to the throne. Fortunately, English Protestants found a solution without the execution of another king. James IIs daughter Mary, who was heiress to the throne, had been contracted to marry William of Orange of Protestant Holland. William was quickly invited to England to insure Protestantism in 1688. This turn of events caused James and many of his followers, known as *Jacobites*, to flee to France. William and Marys acceptance of the throne was known as *The Glorious Revolution.* At that time, Parliament was given the power to determine the succession to the throne. That revolution provided for political and religious toleration, and thus brought government reform agreeable to the English majority. What are some reasons why Puritans emigrated to New England? Laws were enforced by the Anglicans to promote conformity to the Church of England, due to fear of the Puritans because they rebelled against both the church and state. King James I continued to create a divide between the Puritans and his party. He insisted on absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. He also wanted to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain. Later, his son, Charles I, preferred the Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. Having the Roman Catholic faith forced upon the Puritans made life difficult during this period, because they disagreed with their beliefs. Thus, the Puritans made the decision to move to New England. questions Which of the following did not strive to keep literature alive and to inform the public of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? -Oliver Cromwell Which of the following serious problems did England encounter as cities became industrialized? Select all that apply. -pollution -slums -decrease in literacy The ___ was the Puritan government after Charles Is execution, lasting until the Restoration in 1660. -Commonwealth Who fought the civil war taking place in 1642 to 1645? -The Royalists and the Roundheads What are some reasons why Puritans emigrated to New England? Laws were enforced by the Anglicans to promote conformity to the Church of England, due to fear of the Puritans because they rebelled against both the church and state. King James I continued to create a divide between the Puritans and his party. He insisted on absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. He also wanted to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain. Later, his son, Charles I, preferred the Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. Having the Roman Catholic faith forced upon the Puritans made life difficult during this period, because they disagreed with their beliefs. Thus, the Puritans made the decision to move to New England. The Commonwealth ended in ____ when ___ was invited back to England as King. -1660; Charles II To what event does the Restoration refer? -Charles II was invited back to England to be king. What form of discrimination was not used against the Puritans immediately after the Restoration? -Some Puritans were shipped to Africa. what WAS used: 1. Clergymen with Puritan sympathies lost their positions. 2. All officers of the state were forced by the Test Act to take communion according to the Church of England. 3. Some Puritans were imprisoned. What is one reason why the English were afraid of a Roman Catholic monarch? -Unpleasant memories of Bloody Mary, who had burned Protestants at the stake, remained. In 1605, Roman Catholic-inspired Guy Fawkes conspired against the king and Parliament. His plan was known as the ___. -Gunpowder Plot What were the followers of James II called? -Jacobites What was The Glorious Revolution? -William and Mary were invited to take the throne, causing Parliament to control the succession to the throne. displaced forced from home effeminate unmanly lyrical suitable for music; expressing intense emotion; enthusiastic periodical something published with a fixed interval between issues or numbers propagandist one who spreads ideas to help an institution sensibility use of emotionalism as opposed to rationalism sentimental overly emotional, giving enjoyment at the expense of emotions, and idealizing human nature theme the central idea in a literary work revolution to post 1750s When William and Mary were invited to England, Parliament became more powerful. Two political parties, the *Tories and Whigs*, emerged to struggle for control of Parliament during Williams reign. The Tories ancestors were, supposedly, the Royalists of the earlier seventeenth century. The Whigs ancestors had been anti-Royalist. The Tories supported the present order of the church and state and were mainly landowners and lower-level clergymen. Whigs usually supported commerce, religious tolerance, and Parliamentary reform. These parties, however, were hardly like todays parties; they were more like groups of politicians allied to promote common interests. William III reigned jointly with Mary II until *1694* (when *Mary died* of smallpox) and as sole ruler until 1702. His reign was marked by military matters, a characteristic the Tories were quick to criticize. He quieted Jacobite uprisings in Scotland, subdued Ireland, and conducted a continental war against France to stop her influence and control. William was not popular with the Tories because of his connections with *Holland*. The Dutch were seen by the English as money-grabbing merchants. The Tory *Jonathan Swift* satirized the Dutch in Book Three of Gullivers Travels by portraying their merchants stomping on a crucifix to persuade the Japanese to trade with them. *William was killed* by a fall from his horse *in 1702*. Anne, Williams sister-in-law, became Queen until 1714. The Whigs remained in power and continued military activities to boost the economy. The Tories continued to complain until *1710 when they came into power*. The Tories finally calmed the war with France. Jonathan Swift became their chief propagandist. These years, however, were not calm. Roman Catholics were still feared in spite of the *Toleration Act of 1689*, which permitted Protestant dissenters to hold their own services instead of attending those of the Church of England. After *Annes death in 1714*, the crown went to George I of Hanover, a small kingdom that later became part of Germany (see Chart 2). The *Hanover kings, who ruled until 1820*, were criticized for their preference for the German language over English, their preference in music and unimportant scholarly matters, and their controversial personal lives. Yet they did bring stability to the throne while tremendous social and economic changes swept the country. 1750s and following The 1750s began a period of rapid changes brought on by industrialization, shifting social classes, and continuing expansion of the British Empire. One such series of changes has sometimes been called the *agricultural revolution*, although that title is probably an overstatement. It was caused by landowners who were still suffering financially from the civil war. They decided to reorganize their land and buy more land to make their farming more efficient. They then enclosed the land for their own use, a move given the title of Enclosure Acts, and consequently prevented small farmers and squatters from using the land that had once supported them. These landowners began to develop better farming methods, such as the rotation of crops and the draining of marshes, and invented improved farm machinery, but in so doing displaced many of the rural poor. Along with farming improvements came improved spinning and mining methods. Finally, by the 1750s, spinning and weaving machinery powered by steam began what is known as the *Industrial Revolution*. Inventions developed rapidly to produce goods more quickly and in greater volume. Some of those rural poor who had been driven from their land began to cluster in newly industrialized areas to find employment. Their living conditions eventually became so intolerable that Parliament later enacted reform bills to feed and educate these groups. The Anglican Church further eroded as some members realized how the churchs complicated structure prevented it from reaching the masses of poor people. The Anglican clergyman John Wesley and his followers broke away from the Anglicans to form the Methodist Church. Growing industries at home and trade to other parts of the expanding British Empire produced higher-level jobs and a growing middle class. Old, established families were losing money and power, while families with unrecognized reputations began to acquire the wealth necessary to have political power. As money became more important, a classical university education became less important. Education was thinly spread at lower levels to produce a wider, but less educated, reading public, and periodicals, which could be read quickly and easily, were becoming more popular. Meanwhile, England became more committed to commercial and political expansion. With the *Peace of Paris* at the end of the *Seven Years War* in 1763, (started 1756) England gained the two subcontinents of *Canada and India*. It had given much money to protect the Americans from the French and to promote western expansion in America. The British were truly unable to understand why the Americans seemed unwilling to aid the British taxpayers. Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, and Oliver Goldsmith warned of the consequences of the greed, corruption, and violence that plagued this period in British history. writers reactions The literature of these centuries was politically conscious; major writers were deeply committed to making their readers understand the significance of current events. The two Puritans John Milton and John Bunyan had been active in the Commonwealth. Miltons epic poem Paradise Lost and Bunyans allegory Pilgrims Progress do not deal directly with political themes, but they emphasize the battle between good and evil in all human beings. They contrast with the literature written to entertain Charles IIs court, literature that shows a renewed influence from France: witty and sparkling satire, carefully structured drama, and themes sometimes lacking moral values. Writers who lived in political, economic, and social disorder were concerned with imposing order and organization on their writing. The period from 1660 to 1700 is sometimes called the Neoclassical period because writers, especially poets, used their knowledge of Greek and Latin literature to perfect literary forms. One such perfected form is the heroic couplet, which you will examine later. Most important, writers were concerned with placing man in an orderly world in which he knew his position and observed the rest of the world with educated but restrained criticism. Writers, especially from 1688 to 1745 (sometimes called the period of common sense), felt a public responsibility to evaluate the quality of life, just as their classical models had. Along with this critical responsibility, they stressed the importance of a reasonable, logical approach. Realism was important in describing mans actions and his social position. Finally, a controlled approach to religion was important. They distrusted emotional shows of faith and revelations that would not stem from intellectual examination. They believed that the religious experience was rational and must be observed by the intellect. These four characteristics all appear in the works of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, both of whom used satire as a weapon against, and as instruction for, the newly educated masses. Writers from 1745 to the end of the century became more sentimental and even more moral. Their literature is sometimes called the literature of sensibility. These writers wrote lyrical emotional works with emphasis on the common man or on times in the distant past. They were interested in supernatural elements (usually to instruct and prepare the soul for death), and in the beauties of a higher power in nature. They often probed the effects of melancholy. Finally, writers found new ways to reach the public. They wrote moral or satiric essays in periodicals, such as The Tatler (1709), Spectator (1711), and The Gentlemans Magazine (1731). They also developed a new literary form, the novel, describing middle class people dealing with middle class problems. At that time, a novel was mainly a fictitious narrative, a story having no factual basis, with a closely knit plot of epic scope and a unity of theme. John Bunyan and Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe, pioneered realistic detail and lengthened narratives. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), Henry Fielding (1707-1754), Tobias Smollet (1721-1771), and Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) are the important novelists of the period. Their novels are still delightful to read and have influenced countless novelists since then, including Charles Dickens. questions T/F: The Tories were members of one of two political parties; they had Royalist preferences and supported the church and state already existing. -true T/F: The Whigs had Royalist preferences and usually supported commerce, religious toleration, and Parliamentary reform. -false T/F: Jonathan Swift wrote to further the Tory cause. -true Jonathan Swift used Book Three of Gullivers Travels to satirize the ___ because of Williams connections with ___. -Dutch; Holland T/F: The agricultural revolution was the enclosing of land to produce smaller estates and smaller profits. -false T/F: The Industrial Revolution began in the 1750s with inventions such as spinning and weaving machinery driven by steam. -true T/F: One of the lands England gained by the Peace of Paris was India. -true What were the dates of the Seven Years War? -1756 to 1763 The following are some characteristics of the literature of ___. critical responsibility use of reason and logic use of realism suspicion of emotionalism rational expression of religious views -common sense The following are some characteristics of the literature of ___. moral themes sentimental tone lyrical movement emotional appeal emphasis on common man or the past interest in the supernatural interest in melancholy -sensibility Early novels were primarily ___ and dealt with problems faced by ___ members of society. -fictional; middle class Periodicals that contained moral or satiric essays in the first half of the eighteenth century were: _____. -The Spectator -The Tatler -The Gentlemans Magazine Some early novelists of this period were: _____. -Henry Fielding -Daniel Defoe -Samuel Richardson Writers who used Greek and Latin literature to perfect their literary forms belonged to the ___ period of literature. -Neoclassical Who were two authors who used satire to instruct the newly-educated masses? -Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift

To What Extent was Self-Preservation the Prime Motive of the Catholic Churchs subservience to the Nazi Regime Essay Example

To What Extent was Self-Preservation the Prime Motive of the Catholic Churchs subservience to the Nazi Regime Essay The Catholic Church (referenced as simply The Church from here on) was a fairly unique resistance group during the Nazi period 1933 1945. It was unique for two main reasons; firstly it was the only counter-authority1 to the Nazi Regime permitted under Nazi Law, and secondly, it was the only institution that radically changed the interpretations of its core principles through the introduction of new personalities.The question above deals with three major areas of debate. The first, and most crucial, is whether the Church used resistance to ensure its own survival and whether it was central to their controversial role during the above period. The second area of debate is contrary to the first; it deals with the other motives that the Church may have had for collaborating or assisting the regime, specifically whether or not Anti-Semitism, played a significant part of the Churches actions during the Nazi Period. However, the third area of debate, the extent to which the Catholic Church was strictly subservient to the Nazi Regime is so substantial, there is just not enough space in this project to cover it adequately. Therefore, my investigation will not concern itself it detail with the actions of the Catholic Church, but rather its motives for undertaking those actions.In writing this, I will reference many sources from a number of political and religious backgrounds. There are a number of sources of varying utility, which help to develop an argument. For example, Primary sources such, as the Encyclical Humani Generis Unitas are invaluable when discussing the dissimilarities between Pope Pious XI, and Pope Pious XII. As a direct Issue of the Church it can be seen as a genuine attempt by the Church to clarify its position on the persecution of the Jews, rather than a piece of apologetic historical commentary after the event and is therefore able to described as politically untainted. On the other hand however, a quote from Daniel Goldhagens book A Moral Reckoning has a clear motive behind it. As a radical Jewish historian he has tried to throw open the debate on the Nazi period by referencing heavily the Anti-Semitism of the Church and the German People thus creating a Judo-centric view of Nazi activities. He may therefore exaggerate the truth slightly to make his points seem more convincing. Consequently, when evaluating his work we must keep this motive in mind. Generally however all historians work have some value, due, in part, to the extensive research involved in forming their compositions. Thus we can never therefore simply discard a source because it is biased or extreme since sometimes it is these extreme opinions, which can create the most useful suppositions.The Church has, throughout modern history, been arguably the biggest obstacle to dictatorship. Whether it was Kulturkampf in Bismarcks Germany, War Communism in Lenins Russia, or The Papal Land Seizures in Mussolinis Italy, the Catholic Church has proved to be an institution t hat has needed to be dealt with specifically, in order to successfully create a truly Totalitarianist state. The Catholic Church before the Nazi period represented around 32% of the population in Germany (22 Million members) with a wide range of powerful institutions such as Youth Organisations, Political Parties and Schools. Hence when Hitler rose to power in 1933 the Church plausibly saw another threat to their position emerging and thus there was an urgent need to re-affirm their status and position within this new Germany.The consequence of this anxiety was the agreement of the Church to enter into a Concordat agreement with the new Nazi leader. The Concordat, which was signed on 20th July 1933, by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later to become Pope Pious XII), which ensured the basic freedom and co-existence of the Church within the Nazi regime. It offered the Church partial anonymity from the state, by allowing them to retain their own schools, and their religious social clubs. How ever, it did recognise that the Church would be subservient in Law to the state, disband its political wing, The Catholic Centre Party, and, made the Nazi Curriculum mandatory in Catholic Schools.The signing of this Concordat I believe shows the willingness of the Catholic Church to agree to restrict their political progression in favour of a guaranteed existence. The purpose was self-defence, not a wider political opposition2As Jonathan Wright comments, the Church was far more interested in preserving its status as a religious institution, rather than trying to promote a political agenda, thus they were prepared to concede political activism, if they could carry on practising their religion freely. J R C Wright himself is a Political Historian and a practising Anglican3 and therefore the quote above can be coloured by his religious background. As such there is a possibility that he could be anti-Catholic, but because the source doesnt seem to be unfairly critical of the Church, it is likely this is not the case. This article was however written in the 1970s, when the Vatican had not opened any of their archives from after 1922,4 and as such J R C Wright would not have had access to the detailed information they have revealed when writing his article. Thus there is a possibility that his article is not as qualified as that of a later historian who would have had access to the Vatican Archives. Later historian Beth Greich-Polelle puts forward another argument; she believes it was previous experiences with a nationalist Germany that rationalises the actions the Church undertook.The fear of another state-sponsored attack on Catholicism (much like the one waged under Bismarck in the 1870s) was a serious factor in the minds of many German clergymen5The state-sponsored attack that Greich-Polelle refers to is the Kulturkampf. Roughly translated, the Culture Wars were a direct attack by Bismarck on the Catholic Church in Prussia, during the 1870s. Even though the sup pression was eventually overturned, the violence that ensued against the Catholics coupled with the vulnerability the Catholic Churchs authority represented outside the Papal States became clear, the Clergy could not allow the Nazis to create another Kulturkampf.Beth Greich-Polelle believes Kulturkampf is key to understanding why the Church allowed itself to have its power removed, and in her book Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism she tries to relay the importance of the psychological impact that this piece of recent history would have on the Clergy. She attempts to justify the acceptance of the new regime as a move to preserve the position of Catholicism in the modern state and by creating a Concordat (something Pacelli had been trying to do all over Europe for roughly a decade); he would make this a reality.As an accredited historian working as a Professor of Modern History in the USA, Greich-Polelle uses a vast amount of primary sources from the diaries of Bishop von Galen, a German nationalist who initially welcomed Hitler before becoming an outspoken critic of the Nazi Anti-Semitism after 1934, roughly the same time as Niemà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ller and Bonhà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ffer broke away to form the Confessional Church for the same reasons. With this in mind the source above seems very useful when deciding what motives were really behind Pacellis signing of the Concordat since von Galens view as a fellow nationalist would have been somewhat in line with Pacellis.In addition to J R C Wright and Beth Greich-Polelle, Martyn Housden also agrees that the Church wanted to preserve its own position, rather than ratifying the Nazi establishment. He comments:The Churches and their followers generally were more interested in defending their religious space rather than rooted in a politically active anti-Nazi morality.6As with Wright and Greich-Polelle, Housden agrees that the Church was attempting to distance itself from the political aspects of Nazi sm in order to preserve its religious position. However while reviewing his work, Richard Steigmann-Gall of the University of Toronto, points out that by overlooking [the] admittedly more disturbing acts of ideological commission, he leaves the reader with a flawed analysis7. He does this by ignoring the works of Wolfgang Gerlach, Hermann Grieve, Richard Gutteridge, and Markje Smid, authors who have all directly tackled the issue of the Catholic Church in Germany and whose works includes anti-Semitism. Steigmann-Gall goes on to point out that when reading his chapter entitled opposition born of belief; Housden again does not discuss Christian Anti-Semitism. Steigmann-Gall in a sense therefore is making the claim that there must have been some tacit-support of Anti-Semitism in the church and that the actions of the Church cannot be solely for self-preservation. This of course is a crucial feature of Goldhagens thesis and backs up his claim that anti-Semitism, in some form, did exist within the Catholic Church. Housdens failure to include anti-Semitism could be for two reason, either Housden has failed to address the critical debate of Anti-Semitism by mistake, or he may be trying to distance his own personal beliefs in Christianity, from that of the atrocities synonymous with the Anti-Semitism within the Nazi concentration camps. As a result, his work becomes questionable, compared with Wrights and Greich-Polelles.On the other extreme of the overall debate, Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, and John Cornwell, both believe that the Church as an institution was anti-Semitic and that racism played a massive part in what they believe, was the Churches acceptance and collaboration with the Nazi Regime. They both publicly denounce Pope Pious XII as Hitlers Pope and criticise the Church as ignoring the atrocities performed by the Nazis, even though it posed a complete antithesis to their moral code of ethics.In Daniel Goldhagens book A Moral Reckoning, he condemns the Church as wholly racist against the Jews and attacks particularly Pacelli as a nationalist. He cites the suppression of the encyclical Humani Generis Unitas as a clear example of Pacellis true anti-Semitism and his abandonment of decent Catholic morals and ethics. This encyclical was written by Pius XI in which he condemns the actions of the Nazis and those who are involved in the racial segregation of the Jews.The practise of evasion and denial began as early as 1939 when Pope Pious XII suppressed Humani Generis Unitas, the antiracism encyclical of his predecessor It would finally have the Church defend the hounded Jews8Goldhagen rightly points out the importance of this encyclical because it would clarify, officially, the position of the Church on genocide in Nazi Germany, specifically condemning it, such persecutory methods are totally at variance with the true spirit of the Catholic Church9.Goldhagen goes on to make clear the distinction between Pope Pious XI and Pious XII, citing Pio us XI as an ideologue who was set to uphold the Catholic moral of denouncing the Nazi Regime through the hidden encyclical. Goldhagen then presents Pious XII as a nationalist in his own right and hints that this suppression was part of a deal between Hitler and Pious XII. He paints a picture of Pacelli as an ambitious anti-Semitic who wanted to pursue his doctrine due to his belief in the Jews unshakable guilt over the death of Jesus.He then goes on to claim that only German Catholics were capable of being united behind anti-Semitism thus being able to create the circumstances for genocide. He claims, rightly or wrongly, that the German mindset was the only one capable of rallying so quickly to nationalism and that the German way of thinking does play a significant part in understanding the Catholic Churchs role during the Nazi period. So powerful was the racial cognitive in Germany that the Catholic Church by and large accepted and disseminated it in its own teaching.Goldhagen be lieves that this does not just include Catholics, but Lutheran Protestant Christians, as well as non-believers. Goldhagen makes this point in his first book (Hitlers Willing Executioners) but touches only briefly on it in A Moral Reckoning, a book devoted to the Churches involvement during the Nazi Period. He concentrates much more on the individual Catholic mental struggle with the past. He claims that the Church still blamed contemporary Jews for the death of Jesus. Goldhagen cites Archbishop Konrad Grobers published pastoral letter10 of 1941 as evidence of this: -[Archbishop Grober] placed the blame upon the Jews for the death of Jesus, which he implied justifies what Germans were then doing to the Jews8This clearly attempts to justify the persecution of Jews as retribution for the murder of Jesus. However, this may not however a fair appraisal of the contents of the letter as we are only provided with a limited extract in the book. Goldhagen, as mentioned before is a radical Zi onist historian and is likely to overemphasize evidence in order to discredit the Church, this selective use of the Grà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ber letter can be evidence of this.Norman Finklestein, a Jewish Political historian cites numerous examples of Goldhagens exaggeration in his book The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth. He cites the example of the 12 Ritual Murder trails (1867-1914), where Goldhagen reverses the findings11 of Pulzer (whom he quotes in Hitlers Willing Executioners) by exemplifying the single guilty case when the meaning of the findings was to show how eleven of the cases came to other conclusions, conclusions Finkelstein suggests, may have proved his point flawed. Finklestein also points out a number of Diary entries, and covertly placed texts, like that of crucial evidence referring to the anti-Semitic petition in 19th Century Bavaria, as being buried in the back pages9. As a result, Goldhagens work can never be taken at face value, due, in part, to his selective use of sources, which Finklestein suggests, tries to undermine the Churches authority in the eyes of the readerJohn Cornwell also attacks the Church for its anti-Semitism during the Nazi period. He places a greater emphasis than Goldhagen does on the actions of Pious XII but is still critical of the Catholic Church in general for its involvement with the Nazi regime. Cornwell references, like Goldhagen, the importance of the encyclical Humani Generis Unitas and condemns Pacelli for sitting on it10, as well as including information about the true extent to which Pius XII had detailed knowledge of the final solution.Cornwell believes that Pious XIIs anti-Semitism had a lot to do with the links between Russian Communists and world Jewry. This is qualified by the fact that most of the top KDP members in Weimar Germany were infact Jewish. One of the main reasons why the Church was so afraid of Communism was because of the atrocities in the Soviet Union during the periods of War Communism wit h Churches being shut down and outlawed. It is for this reason that Cornwell believes that Pacelli is not willing to stand up for the Jews, moving away from the traditional anti-Semitic argument, to a more Communist influenced anti-Semitism.Pacelli and the office for which he was responsible betrayed an antagonistic policy towards the Jews [based on] a link between Judaism and the Bolshevik plot to destroy Christendom.12It is clear that Cornwell seeks to link Pious XII to this misconception and does make a very convincing line of argument. It could be possible for the link between Judaism and that of Communism to be forged so closely and that, what Goldhagen describes as the German mindset, could have pushed Pacelli to the extent of anti-Semitism. Cornwell then goes on to heavily criticise Pacelli for not condemning those members of his clergy engaged in the unmasking of Jews and the stopping of conversions in very strongly Catholic areas. This unmasking of Jews by Catholics and Ca tholic Bishops is well documented in the Gestapo reports of the period. Catholicism never accepts racism or any attempt to assist racism under any circumstances.Nor did he [Pacelli] attempt to intervene in the process by which Catholic Clergy collaborated in racial certification to identify the Jews13This collaboration Cornwell goes on to say, aided the persecution of the Jews and contributed heavily in the rural communities assistance during the Final Solution. He then moves on to make the accusation that the Church was not as unaware of the Final Solution, as it historically has claimed. With the opening of the Vatican archives, letters and diaries14 from prominent members of Pacellis Privy Council display that Pacelli was infact one of the first in the world to know of the Nazi plans and took no action whatsoever, even waiting months before accepting that he had even received the letter. This can be interpreted as self-preservation, but Cornwell is convinced by Pacellis actions d uring the 1930s that anti-Semitism was the main factor in Pacellis decision not to act upon this information. The Vatican archives prove this by showing Pacellis registered disagreement with Pius XI over condemning anti-Semitism in the mid 30s, which adds weight to the accusation that his actions werent just for self-preservation. Through the mid to late 1930s, Pacelli failed to sanction protests by the German Catholic episcopate against anti-Semitism it is clear that Pacelli believed that the Jews had brought misfortune on their own head11When discussing the merits of Cornwells work, Dr Peter Gumpel S.J15, a leading expert on the Catholic Church during the period, cites a number of clear mistakes in Cornwells work. His work mainly concerns itself with a lack of proper research, referring to the list of archives, which Cornwell claims to have consulted. Gumpel claims that a book, which makes such pretentious claims, should have consulted such archives as the German, Italian and mos t notably the Acts of the Nuremberg Trials which would, Gumpel claims, have shown Pacellis work to save the Jews, which Ralph McInerny estimates is around 860,00016. He goes on to question the value of the content describing the first section of the book as wishy-washy, while describing his criticisms of the Concordat as wholly unfair as at no point does he ever discuss the primary papal importance of the Concordat. He even shows a massive translation error, which completely changes the whole context with which a Chapter of his book refers to. The Encyclical letter with burning preoccupation and not with great appreciation as Cornwell mistranslatesAs a result, the value of Cornwells work has come under massive strain. Although Dr Gumpel also has been criticised for his attacks on Cornwell, the evidence that Cornwell has misrepresented Pacelli as a character is considerable and as a result, his work is less useful that it at first appears to be.In Conclusion, the evidence supportin g the claim that the Churches actions during the Nazi period were purely in self-defence, in other words, for self-preservation, I believe outweigh the accusations of anti-Semitism within the Church. There is strong evidence that the Church as an institution is anti-Semitic, and there can be no doubt that there are sections of the Catholic Church that do believe that the Jews still posses an unshakeable guilt over the death of Jesus. There is also a chance that Pacelli (Pope Pious XII) could have been one of those people who believed in this guilt, but when critically appraising the merits of the historians that have claimed this, I have found myself more convinced by Bette Greich-Polelles explanation of events. In reference to her work, it is my belief that the Church during the Nazi period was self-interested and was set on trying to avoid another Kulturkampf, thus by accepting restrictions on their political freedoms it would ensure the spiritual dimension of Catholicism would li ve on throughout and beyond Nazi Germany.

Menkaure and His Queen essays

Menkaure and His Queen essays The sculpture group of King Menkaure and His Queen is positioned in one of the basic types of Egyptian sculpture the Standing/Striding pose. The figure of Menkaure is rigidly frontal, although his head is slightly turned to the right. His left foot is slightly advanced, however the upper body does not respond to this uneven distribution of weight - there is no tilt in the shoulders, nor a shift in the hips. All movement of the figure is suppressed: his muscular arms hang down his athletic body, they are not flexed at the elbow and do not break through the front contour of his thighs. The body remains wedded to the block of stone from which it was carved. The artist does not remove the dead stone between the arms and torso and most importantly his advanced leg is not carved in the round, which contributes to the solid and majestic appearance of the statue. The Queen assumes the same rigidly frontal posture, however her left leg is less advanced than his, which alludes that she is a subordinate figure to her king in this stance she is just echoing the pharaohs decisive actions. She embraces the pharaoh with her right arm placing her hand around his waist; her left arm is bent at the elbow and covering her stomach rests on the kings left arm. There is a space of about couple of centimeters between the statues that widens towards the base, and which makes Menkaure appear standing independently from his female counterpart. In this frontal, striding forward posture the pharaoh looks confident and in control. The Queen, however, cannot be thought of as an independent statue. First of all, the statue of the king overlaps that of the queen: her right shoulder becomes fused with and overlapped by his left shoulder. Second of all, she has both of her arms around him and not the other way around. Although her appearance conveys the message of majesty and serenity, to me she also appear...

Writing Techniques To Improve Reading Comprehension

Writing Techniques To Improve Reading Comprehension Periodically, I watch episodes of the TV show â€Å"Numb3rs† on Netflix just to pretend that I’m a math genius. My friend and I have made an inside joke about one particular writing technique the show has used to help dull audience members like myself understand the math technique they are about to use. We mouth â€Å"It’s like†¦.† to each other whenever a character mentions some obscure math approach, and then we wait for the characters to launch into the illustration. Moving past the hilarity of that particular video on so many other levels, you can see how the writers of that show made the math geniuses spout off the math technique they were going to use and then follow immediately with a more understandable example the lay person could grasp. I appreciate these more understandable illustrations. How To Discover Awesome Writing Techniques That Will Improve Reading ComprehensionBranching Your Ideas The â€Å"what if† and â€Å"it’s like† writing techniques  are a kind of â€Å"branching† approach to both idea generation and reader understanding. Following an idea down a singular path is a way to get things done, but it’s not a way to generate future ideas or think creatively. For example, when I set out to write about content marketing game theory  for this blog (and was hopelessly out of my element, believe me), I decided to branch out in a couple of directions so that I could better understand the topic as a writer and, perhaps, better explain the topic to the reader. By branching my idea and asking â€Å"what if†, I managed to come up with two examples (â€Å"it’s like†) for readers. Only by branching and traveling down various paths to see where they might take me was I able to do this. Writers' block? Branch your ideas with 'what if' and 'it's like' #writing techniques.Some content marketers prefer to have one idea and shoot straight for the finish line; that’s perfectly acceptable. But others, like myself, enjoy the happy accidents that occur when you allow your ideas to branch. Don’t be afraid to branch out; you won’t be left out on a limb. (rimshot) Recommended Posts  To Improve Reading Comprehension: 5 Teaching Theories That Will Improve Your Educational Content Marketing How To Use The Best Content Types To Boost Reader Learning How To Communicate Effectively With Your Blog Readers To Keep Them Reading Using â€Å"What If† To Generate Ideas The â€Å"what if† writing technique is usually something used by fiction writers to help them develop characters and plot, but it can still be helpful in a slightly different version for content marketers. Let’s use that game theory post of mine as an example. As I researched the topic more and more, the idea of a tree came to mind. What if I approached this as if it were a tree?  I wondered. I was struggling to understand the topic in a way that allowed me to explain it, but the tree idea seemed to have promise. Then I set about to talk about matrices and competitors. What if I used â€Å"The Fugitive† as an example?  It was a popular movie and seemed to fit perfectly. There were a few other â€Å"what if† approaches that led to dead ends, but by the time I finished with these two, I understood much better what I wanted to say in the rest of the post. Here are a few â€Å"what if† approaches you could use when writing blog posts. You can see they are much more than just about finding ideas, but also about the order and structure of the actual post, too. What if (I): Put the conclusion at the beginning? Used a recent hit movie as the foundation for this post? Played the devil’s advocate until the final conclusion? Said the exact opposite of what is expected/I believe? What was true was not true? Used a different search engine/resource? Learned how it was done five years ago? My blog could speak for itself?What if you played the devil's advocate until the final conclusion of your post?Sometimes silly questions lead to fresh ways of thinking about a common thing, even if the answer to the question itself is irrelevant to the branch you ultimately end up on. The â€Å"what if† writing technique is definitely part of your brainstorming toolbox  when it comes to finding ideas. It helps you write beyond the typical boundary and find research you otherwise wouldn’t have considered looking for. Using â€Å"It’s Like† To Explain Ideas Using the â€Å"it’s like† writing technique will help you do three crucial things with your content: Understanding:  Obviously, the â€Å"it’s like† approach helps your reader understand an idea in a different way. It’s a classic method teachers use. Hook:  The â€Å"it’s like† technique can also grab your reader’s attention if you approach this method with a certain level of non-conformity and use comparisons the reader doesn’t expect. Convince:  When you’re selling a new idea or product that is unfamiliar to your audience, there’s a barrier you need to overcome. Using â€Å"it’s like† and explaining it as something familiar helps reduce that barrier  and make it easier for a reader to buy into what you have to say. But first: If there’s one thing you don’t want to do on social media, it’s misuse the words â€Å"metaphor† and â€Å"simile†; the grammar police will correct you. Metaphors simply make a comparison, while similes use the words â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† to compare things. For example: I tend to think of metaphors as all about making a strong statement with language (it’s not  like  something, it is  something), while similes are all about helping readers understand a bit more gently. Using â€Å"it’s like† is the simile approach to explanation, though you are taking it a bit further than a simple simile comparison most of the time. If you’re following the lead of the writers in the show â€Å"Numb3rs†, you are looking for an in-depth explanation that matches ounce for ounce the concept you want your reader to comprehend  in their own terms. You are looking for an analogy. Similes can spice up your copy and create a playful collection of words that pique a reader’s interest, but analogy is the true workhorse of the â€Å"it’s like† writing technique, a kind of extended version of a simile. When creating analogies, remember: Your audience matters.  Analogies work best when you use an example that your audience understands. I could use a variety of farming analogies that I know from growing up on a farm, but most of the readers of this blog aren’t farmers. That kind of analogy won’t help at all. Knowing what experiences your audience will identify with is crucial when choosing a simile or analogy. To make things better.  Not all complicated topics need an analogy; some just need to be clearly discussed. Analogies work best when a topic is so far out of the range of your audience, either through lack of knowledge or because they’ve never experienced it, that the only way to make the concept resonate is to repackage it with the familiar. Sometimes I write analogies and then eventually edit them out and the reader never sees them. Yet by writing that analogy, I helped myself understand the topic better and was able to explain it better without the addition of an analogy. To shed light on the larger concept.  Some topics are better served simply by breaking them down into bite-sized chunks than through analogy. You would better understand the process of changing the oil in a car if I explained the actual process step-by-step rather than me saying, â€Å"It’s like cleaning files off your hard drive.† Analogy is less useful in teaching step-by-step instruction (i.e. how to specifically change the oil in your car) and more useful in teaching the larger idea that those step-by-step instructions make sense in (i.e. you need to change the oil because your engine will be ruined if you don’t). That less is more.  Use one or two analogies, but don’t use too many more. Lots of analogies make things more confusing and actually dampen the power they might have if you used them more sparingly. Consider what you absolutely want your reader to take from your content, which topic is difficult or unfamiliar, and use your analogies for that. You don’t leave your audience with the analogy.  Once you’ve explained a concept through an analogy and your audience understands the underlying fundamentals, you should go back and reiterate what you wanted them to understand in the first place, drawing direct comparisons between the analogy again if needed, so they understand the actual topic and  the analogy. Recommended Posts  To Improve Reading Comprehension: Are You Making These 5 Assumptions About Your Audience? 4 Lessons From Psychology That Will Help You Grow Your Blog Analogies are all about helping your audience experience a moment of Gestalt, where they finally â€Å"get† the bigger picture of something that was confusing before. So, how do you find the perfect analogy? Figure out what the main point is.  Ask yourself what the most important thing is that you want your reader to understand about your topic. There is a lot they could understand, but what is the most important concept that you need them to take away in order to understand the rest of what you have to say? You could probably compare just about anything to everything, but you need to find something that gets a specific point across. Life is like a box of chocolate, is like a beach, is like an oyster, is like anything at all- but what is it you’re trying to say about life? Keep it mostly (but not too) familiar. As I mentioned above, your audience has to be familiar with the analogy you are about to use or they won’t understand it, either. However, by choosing or using a scenario that is slightly surprising, you’ll keep them interested in reading. We’re all pretty used to the â€Å"life is like a box of chocolates† saying by now, but when it first came out with the movie â€Å"Forrest Gump†, it was very novel and new. People wondered â€Å"how in the world could life be like candy?† and it made them read on. In the book Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking, author Douglas Hofstadter referred to boring analogies as â€Å"banalogies.† Generally, the first analogy you come up with is not the one. Go nuts and think of two or three or ten or twenty, and then choose from your list. Turn the distasteful into something good.  A great analogy not only explains a concept to help your reader understand, but it can also help them understand something differently. An idea that isn’t appealing from one angle can, with the help of an analogy, look a lot better from a different angle. For example, I’ve gone on record  stating that I’m not much of a salesperson. A few years back, though, I was reading a book on selling art which used an analogy to help me see sales differently. Instead of it being an exchange of money for goods or services (which it is, technically, and which seems tawdry at times), the author illustrated how sales is also problem solving (for the customer), an exercise in creativity (finding a market that fits the product), and so on. Through analogy, I was able to see things from a different viewpoint. Maintain your desired focus.  Analogies can get out of control. If you use sailing as an analogy, for an example, remember what your main point is and keep to it. Avoid veering off into using every aspect of sailing- ropes! knots! wind! boom! tacking!- and stick to just the parts of the analogy that will sell your main point the best. An analogy isn’t an anecdote; it’s a highly persuasive tool that can make the unfamiliar into something familiar. Maintain focus if you want the tool to work. Don’t forget the visual.  Depending on the content you are creating (e.g. written vs. spoken), you may find a visual helpful as your analogy, or alongside your analogy. In the â€Å"Numb3rs† clip, the imagery of the boats helps illustrate what the actress is saying. We visual learners appreciate it! For Fun:Which of the following similes would you love to see expanded into analogy? Why do some stand out for you and not others? Which ones make you curious enough to keep reading? Which could be used to clarify a particular aspect of content marketing? Run with them in the comments if you’d like to take a crack at it.Content marketing is†¦ Like a box of old pencils. A  camera without film. Like a movie without credits. Like a buoy in the Pacific Ocean. What happens when polar bears meet penguins. Superman with an extra cape. Superman without a cape.

Personal Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Interpretation - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  the history of Hawaii gives us much information regarding the ancient heroes and heroines of the Land and their contributions in the land. However, the genealogy of these people also gives us more basic information regarding the history of these people and the milestones in their history. Kamulipo helped very much in accounting for the genealogy and Cosmology of these people. Proper analysis of the antiquities of the Hawaiian populace gives an account that their philosophies almost outdid the Western philosophies. Their religion reveals to be equally as useful as the Western Religion.  This essay declares that the Queen of Hawaii presents the same concerns. In the article, we come to realize the importance of open-mindedness. Through the works, we come to realize the milestones of the Hawaiian populace. We come to realize the significance of [personal identity towards success. The past may be a bleak but with the recognition of the concerns about a person’s origin; we realize that the future becomes very bright. The Hawaiian history seems to have been full of ups and downs that needed many souls searching before any decisions were made. The People recognized the importance of accepting and accommodating their norms in a way that promotes society cohesion.  The works did a very imperative work in giving the analysis of culture in people. The works clearly presents to us the significance of one’s culture and tradition.     

Mentors in Professional Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mentors in Professional Nursing - Research Paper Example Mentorship extends over a period of time, within which reciprocal sharing, learning, and development take place in an environment formed around respect and collegiality (Mariani, 2012). Further, Mariani (2012) emphasizes that reinforcing mentoring relationships within the nursing profession is essential in order to ensure that crucial facets of the vocation are retained, particularly in the present day healthcare environment. Moreover, an effective nurse mentor relationship is important for the upcoming generation of nurses. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how mentors support the nursing profession, the required characteristics of a mentor, and components of an effective mentor program. How Mentoring Supports the Nursing Profession Today, training, education and administration within the nursing profession is required to support and provide fundamental solutions that are directed toward the existing and progressively waning decline in nursing professionals’ collegialit y, self-confidence, and support. Indeed, the consequential damaging effects are realized in declining staff performance, and in deficient patient care outcomes. Additionally, the rapidly transforming health care environment requires that actions be taken to reinforce and inspire new and experienced nurses so as to retain competent nursing staff. Consequently, mentorship offers a unique opportunity for newer nurses to cultivate durable relationships with experienced nurses that are beneficial to the growth of both individuals and contributes to the retention of nurses within the organization and the profession. As noted earlier, mentors offer information, support and professional advice to novice nurses over an extended period of time. As such, both the mentor and mentee devote a substantial amount in the mentoring relationship emotionally, thus enabling self-directed growth and learning. To this end, mentorship provides many benefits to the nursing profession. First, mentoring helps decreases or alleviates stress and anxiety among nursing professional which impacts burnout rates. In recent years, professional nursing has been considered as an extremely stressful occupation owing to the increasing acuity of patients, declining staffing ratios, and time pressures arising from increasing productivity and performance requirements in healthcare facilities. In a research conducted at two tertiary care hospitals in New Delhi, Bhatia, Kishore, Anand, and Jiloha (2010) reported substantial job stress in approximately 87.4% of the eighty seven staff nurse respondents. According to the study, â€Å"time pressure† was identified as the top placed stressor (Bhatia, Kishore, Anand, & Jiloha, 2010). In another study, Duvall and Andrews (2010) surveyed the literature to establish why staff nurses left the bedside in connection to the nursing shortage and increased turnover rates. The study revealed a variety of reasons including management issues, job stress, job desig n, physical demands, and the inability to develop new nurses (Duvall & Andrews, 2010, p. 309). Furthermore, job stress has been linked to poor job satisfaction (Hassell, Archbold, & Stichman, 2011), undesirable physical and mental health outcomes (Nash, 2010), and ultimately to

Sleep essay Essay Example for Free

Sleep essay Essay Instructions: After logging all data into your sleep diary (including documenting the level of alertness twice a day using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale) write an essay including all of the following topics: Summarize in essay form the amount of sleep you get each night (compare weekdays, weekends, holidays, etc.) and the quality of sleep you get nightly. Discuss in your essay how you are impacted by the amount of sleep you get each night (mood, personality, productiveness, peak performance, academically, socially, etc. ). Explain what times of day you are most alert and how you feel when you are wide awake. How does this impact you daily life? When you were forced to document your sleep cycles, did you find any surprises or interesting facts related to you and your sleep that may impact your friendships, work, academics, career or relationships? Analyze the trends you see in your sleep data (and other information you know about your sleep habits) and discuss any possible changes you would like to make in your sleep habits. You must state a conclusion to your findings and explain why they are significant. Format: All essays must be typed and double spaced in font no larger than 12 pica. Each essay must have a name, period and title (no title pages or covers please). Each essay must be accompanied by at least one illustration relating to your essay. If you use any other resources for information regarding sleep or any other topics in your paper, you must site them using APA format (see e-mail from Mrs. Womble with web site resources). All papers must be stapled I the top left corner and turned in on time.

Prescription Discrimination :: Birth Control Drugs Medicine Essays

Prescription Discrimination Imagine this, you an eighteen year girl old who has decided to become sexually active with your long term boyfriend. This raises a lot of issues for you. While you are interested in beginning oral contraception you are not comfortable talking to your parents about sex. Even if you could talk to them, the chances they would pay for your birth control are slim to none. You do work but $30 a month for the pill on top of the cost of condoms takes up a large portion of your pay check. Do you decide to wait to be sexually active or do you take your chances? Consider a different scenario, you a married woman in your late thirties, with two children, who receives financial support from the state. Every month poses a new struggle when trying to pay the bills. On top of food, utilities, gas and the high cost of raising two children you do not have room for the cost of birth control. Although you love your children, you simply cannot afford to have another under any circumstances. Do you refrain from having sex with your husband or do you takes your chances? According to the Planned Parenthood web site, â€Å"approximately 70,000 unintended pregnancies occur in Massachusetts each year,† this makes it apparent that more women are choosing to take their chances over abstinence. For decades women have fought for equal rights in this country and countries all over the world. They have fought a tough fight and have come a long way. This makes a blatant message of sexual discrimination all the more outrageous in this day and age. The message is unequal health insurance coverage for women and even in the year 2003 it continues to be a serious issue. Woman nationwide are faced with a choice to either pay high prices for oral contraceptives or take a risk and go without them. On the contrary men are totally supported when looking for coverage of the newly popularized Viagra pill. Viagra is a new creation, which helps older men achieve and maintain an erection. Most insurance plans cover the cost of this drug. While men are covered on a drug that’s sole purpose is to enhance sexual pleasure, woman are unable to find coverage of a drug that necessary to not only avoid pregnancy but relieve menstrual cramping, clear up skin break outs, and regulate menstrual cycles.

Lincoln Electric Case Essay

Lincoln Electric Company in the year 1895. The first products that the company produced and sold were electric motors that he had designed himself. A Few years later, in 1907 his brother James, a recently graduate from the Ohio State University, joined as a senior manager; He was also the one who would introduce different and very innovative human resource policies over the next few decades. These policies included things like employee stock ownership, the creation of an Employee advisory board, as well as piecework pay. Most of these ideas were later adapted as standard US wide practices. The Welding business, which not really was one of the main focuses of the Lincoln Electric Company, became the main source of income by 1922. Welding which a special technique of -under heat – bringing together different sources of metals. It is used for basically most of the industrial areas, from pipeline manufacturing to petrochemical complexes. From 1986 onwards, the company pursued a course of extensive internationally expansion. This was started already way earlier in 1933 first, with the establishment of the Lincoln Electric Company in Australia and in 1953 with its expansion to France. However, from the mid 1980s onwards, Lincoln Electric expanded its manufacturing operations into 16 countries. This expansion peaked in 1995, when the company reached the $1 billion in sales the first time. It was also the year Lincoln began to trade its shares on the American stock market the NASDAQ. By 2005 it became the worlds leading manufacturer in the welding industry. Nowadays, (Dec. 31 2010) Lincoln Electric has net sales of $ 2,070 million. Why go abroad? As the Lincoln Electric Company’s idea and concept proved to be successful in the US from the 1930s onwards, it also operated outside of the country. Due to its success in its home market, the companies’ management was able to first gain enough market knowledge in order to enter new markets were a certain proficiency is required. Nevertheless, as markets and industries around the world differ in to each other (e. g.consumer tastes) the best idea was for Lincoln Electronic to first enter a market were the so-called â€Å"Psychic Distance† is not so high and less uncertainty. Therefore Australian was chosen, as this is psychological wise not so far from the Home / US American market. This phenomenon can be seen in the Uppsala Model. It includes four different steps, from first acquiring experience in the home market to wholly owned international operations. This will be explained in more detail later. However, as we can see in the Lincoln Electric case, the company first gain sufficient knowledge in their home market and later expanded internationally. But step by step further away (political, language and culture wise) from its home market. Uppsala Model Looking at the process of internationalization of Lincoln Electric, most of the facets of the Uppsala Model can be identified. So, this entry mode theory is most applicable in our opinion. In this section, we will elaborate upon the internationalization of Lincoln Electric while applying the stages of the Uppsala model. During the first stage companies tend to solely gain experience of their domestic markets. In the case of Lincoln Electric, it can be stated that it mainly focused on becoming the leading manufacturer in the United States. Core competencies are most important for the success of an MNE and for all companies those core competencies are their higher-order firm specific advantages (FSA’s). In this first stage of the Uppsala Model we will try to recognize all the FSA’s of Lincoln Electric. The first FSA is the company’s human resource policy, in which many facets can be recognized that provide productivity advances and which results in a variability of 60 percent of the personnel costs. Those facets are performance-based rewards, employee stock ownership, a piecework payment system, and bonuses based on company profits. Another FSA is that the company cuts costs in acquiring personnel, and simultaneously keeps holding a very well experienced and integrated workforce by building trust among the employees with policies like an employee advisory boards, employee suggestion systems, annuities for retired employees, group life insurances, and a no-layoff policy. The third recognized FSA is the company’s R&D program; this program is the most aggressive, comprehensive and successful in the welding industry. This FSA led the company in new market introductions and quality performance. Fourthly, an important FSA for consumer relations is the ability to provide full welding solutions. The company is able to provide this due to the fact that it manufactures both arc welding equipment and consumable products. Summarized, the core competencies which provide the company with competitive advantages are the ability to cut personnel costs, the highly trained technical sales force, and the ability to provide excellent service for customers. The second stage in the Uppsala model states that the firm begins to operate abroad in a nearby market, and then slowly penetrates far away markets. When applying this to Lincoln Electric, it can be seen that the company encountered its first international experience in countries such as Canada, Australia and France in the 1940’s. These countries have a small psychic distance from the United States, therefore, the market uncertainty is perceived as low. Canada, Australia and France are psychically nearby, because issues with regard to trade unions, labour practices and laws are treated similarly in those countries. Furthermore, Canada and Australia are linguistically similar to the United States, and all the previous countries are western countries, so the cultures are not significantly different. Lincoln Electric started its first major international expansion between 1986 and 1992. It then increased its presence into 15 other countries, which were acquisitions in Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil, Scotland, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain, and Germany. However, this expansion was a real failure, the company faced difficulties due to executives’ inexperience with trade unions and their lack of knowledge of labour practices and laws in other countries. The company’s aim was namely to operate the new acquisition in Lincoln USA’s image, however they learned from this experience and as can be seen in stage four, their renewed global expansion is much more improved. The third stage of the Uppsala model states that companies tend to enter markets through export, instead of using sales or manufacturing subsidiaries of their own. However, this does not suit Lincoln Electric due to the fact that it is too costly to ship welding products because of their weight. It was for Lincoln Electric and other companies in the welding industry essential to set up a local or regional production facility. Therefore, Lincoln Electric had to instantly set up sales or manufacturing subsidiaries of their own without starting with solely exporting. In the fourth stage it is said that a company establishes wholly owned or majority-owned operations only after several years of experience. This can also be recognized as being the case with Lincoln’s internationalization. In 1996 their renewed globalization strategy started. This is characterized by many joint-ventures, acquisitions and start-ups over the world. Between 1996 and 2004, many expansions have been completed. At the end of this expansion period, the company tried to gain majority or wholly ownership in many of their acquisitions and joint-ventures, because they experienced that they could not fully control their operations in the way they wanted it. Attractiveness of India One of the most significant questions in the global strategy field is how multinational firms should navigate their way through multiple and often conflicting host-country institutional environments (Ghoshal and Westney 1992, Morgan et al. 2001). This is no different for Lincoln Electric who faced some problems while expanding overseas. When crossing borders, opportunity is mostly the driving force behind the expansion. Between 1986 and 1991, Lincoln took on unprecedented debt in order to finance foreign acquisitions, mostly in Europe. They initially had a lack of international management skill, and did not take into consideration local environment in each country when expanding globally. This was caused because not all of their firm specific advantages (FSA’s) where as transferable as they had hoped. For instance the incentive system that works very well in the U. S. did not work in European countries with different working environment and ethics. Lincoln had already tried to penetrate the Asian market before landing its eye on the India. Theoretically, a country will be attractive to a foreign investor if, in investing in that country, the investor gets a return that is equal to or higher than their risk-adjusted weighed cost of capital. (Urkude and Seshanna 2008) So how attractive is India for Lincoln Electric. With assessing a countries attractiveness two main categories can be distinguished: Country Risks, Market Opportunities and Industry Opportunities. For Lincoln there is only one country risk which is corruption, for the rest India is a stable, fast growing country with a solid political system. World Map Index of perception of corruption 2009i However there are a number of market opportunities. India’s infrastructure is still underdeveloped, and therefore demand for welding products is increasing with the upcoming construction and infrastructure activity in the next couple of years. Import sales to India were up by double digits in 2006, driven mostly by orders from the pipe mill and pipeline sector, and more recently from the automotive sector. (Lincoln Electric annual report 2008) The growth of the welding industry is similar to the growth of the entire economy of the particular country, and for this reason India makes an attractive opportunity. As seen in the graph below India’s GDP has grown dramatically over the last couple of years, and it is expected the welding industry will grow among these lines as well. India’s market is quickly growing as shown in the graph on the right. Not only the population but also GDP and exports. And the one below shows that the industry sector is coming on as well. For this reason the welding industry will benefit from the economic growth and be in the lift as a lot of these new construction projects require welding consumables. Industry opportunities lie in India as well, as demand for steel declined all over the world, it grew in India by as much as ten percent. (Frost and Sullivan 2010) But India is also a highly competitive market as 56 percent of welding consumables were being produced by large firms that had developed their own technology and 44 percent was being produced by a number of small firms that immediately tried to copy the large firms, as soon as their product became available on the market. So for Lincoln to be successful, they would have to keep innovating their products and make it hard for others to copy their products. Another point of interest is that with the welding market booming, a high price would have to be paid if Lincoln would want to enter the market by acquisition. This making it difficult for new entries in the market, but the two other options which are a joint venture and building an own factory are as much appealing as an acquisition. Lincoln already had some experience with joint ventures in China, but had trouble with the joint decision making that came with it. And with building their own factory they would have to weigh off the benefit off total control towards the starting up costs of the factory. The Indian government had also granted some fiscal and financial incentives by setting up tax-free zones and increasing the foreign direct investment (FDI) percentage in the aviation and real estate sector, which could generate a high demand for welding equipment. Overall it can be said that India is a very attractive market for Lincoln Electronic if they can get into the market either via acquisition, a joint venture or by building their own factory. Advice for Management The advice we would give the managers from Lincoln Electric, to help them to continue enhancing their market share and improve their geographical dominance in the welding industry is to acquire a smaller welding company. An option, which Lincoln Electric should consider is the case of ESAB, as, mentioned in the case â€Å"In 2000, ESAB had agreed to be purchased by Lincoln Electric for 750 million plus the assumption of $300 million in ESAB’s debt. Yet Lincoln Electric decided that same year not to go forward with the acquisition after antitrust and other issues arose in the due diligence process. † Even though these plans fell through, Lincoln Electric should reconsider purchasing ESAB, since it represents 75% of revenues of its parent company Charter, which is European- based company with a large global presence. ESAB India, which is part of ESAB, is also one of the main competitors of Lincoln Electric in India. Therefore, if Lincoln Electric could dissolve the antitrust problems and other problems that arose in the due diligence process, they will be able to acquire ESAB and to double their market share. To enforce the market share dominance of Lincoln Electric globally, an acquisition with a company like ESAB would be economically profitable. Analyzing the graph below, an acquisition with Lincoln Electric and a smaller company would create a welding market dominance. This will result in other competitors being left with a smaller market share due to a much larger dominating competitor. In this case, Lincoln Electric has the opportunity to purchase ESAB or another smaller welding company due to the high profits from the profitable US market. Because of that opportunity we would advice them to purchase and expand by means of increasing their market share by purchasing a competing company.